Di-azetidinyl diamide as monoacylglcerol lipase inhibitors

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are compounds, compositions and methods for treating various diseases, syndromes, conditions and disorders, including pain. Such compounds are represented by Formula (I) as follows: 
                         
wherein Q and Z are defined herein.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.13/224,654, filed Sep. 2, 2011, currently pending, which claims priorityto U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/379,764, filed Sep. 3,2010, now abandoned, which are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

The research and development of the invention described below was notfederally sponsored.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cannabis sativa has been used for the treatment of pain for many years.Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol is a major active ingredient from Cannabissativa and an agonist of cannabinoid receptors (Pertwee, Brit JPharmacol, 2008, 153, 199-215). Two cannabinoid G protein-coupledreceptors have been cloned, cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB₁ Matsuda etal., Nature, 1990, 346, 561-4) and cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB₂Munro et al., Nature, 1993, 365, 61-5). CB₁ is expressed centrally inbrain areas, such as the hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens as well asperipherally in the liver, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, adiposetissue, and skeletal muscle (Di Marzo et al., Curr Opin Lipidol, 2007,18, 129-140). CB₂ is predominantly expressed in immune cells, such asmonocytes (Pacher et al., Amer J Physiol, 2008, 294, H1133-H1134), andunder certain conditions, also in the brain (Benito et al., Brit JPharmacol, 2008, 153, 277-285) and in skeletal (Cavuoto et al., BiochemBiophys Res Commun, 2007, 364, 105-110) and cardiac (Hajrasouliha etal., Eur J Pharmacol, 2008, 579, 246-252) muscle. An abundance ofpharmacological, anatomical and electrophysiological data, usingsynthetic agonists, indicate that increased cannabinoid signalingthrough CB₁/CB₂ promotes analgesia in tests of acute nociception andsuppresses hyperalgesia in models of chronic neuropathic andinflammatory pain (Cravatt et al., J Neurobiol, 2004, 61, 149-60;Guindon et al., Brit J Pharmacol, 2008, 153, 319-334).

Efficacy of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists is well documented.Moreover, studies using cannabinoid receptor antagonists and knockoutmice have also implicated the endocannabinoid system as an importantmodulator of nociception. Anandamide (AEA) (Devane et al., Science,1992, 258, 1946-9) and 2-arachidinoylglycerol (2-AG) (Mechoulam et al.,Biochem Pharmacol, 1995, 50, 83-90; Sugiura et al., Biochem Biophys ResCommun, 1995, 215, 89-97) are two major endocannabinoids. AEA ishydrolyzed by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and 2-AG is hydrolyzedby monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) (Piomelli, Nat Rev Neurosci, 2003, 4,873-884). Genetic ablation of FAAH elevates endogenous AEA and resultsin a CB₁-dependent analgesia in models of acute and inflammatory pain(Lichtman et al., Pain, 2004, 109, 319-27), suggesting that theendocannabinoid system functions naturally to inhibit pain (Cravatt etal., J Neurobiol, 2004, 61, 149-60). Unlike the constitutive increase inendocannabinoid levels using FAAH knockout mice, use of specific FAAHinhibitors transiently elevates AEA levels and results inantinociception in vivo (Kathuria et al., Nat Med, 2003, 9, 76-81).Further evidence for an endocannabinoid-mediated antinociceptive tone isdemonstrated by the formation of AEA in the periaqueductal greyfollowing noxious stimulation in the periphery (Walker et al., Proc NatlAcad Sci USA, 1999, 96, 12198-203) and, conversely, by the induction ofhyperalgesia following antisense RNA-mediated inhibition of CB₁ in thespinal cord (Dogrul et al., Pain, 2002, 100, 203-9).

With respect to 2-AG, intravenous delivery of 2-AG produces analgesia inthe tail flick (Mechoulam et al., Biochem Pharmacol, 1995, 50, 83-90)and hot plate (Lichtman et al., J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2002, 302, 73-9)assays. In contrast, it was demonstrated that 2-AG given alone is notanalgesic in the hot plate assay, but when combined with other2-monoacylglycerols (i.e., 2-linoleoyl glycerol and 2-palmitoylglycerol), significant analgesia is attained, a phenomenon termed the“entourage effect” (Ben-Shabat et al., Eur J Pharmacol, 1998, 353,23-31). These “entourage” 2-monoacylglycerols are endogenous lipids thatare co-released with 2-AG and potentiate endocannabinoid signaling, inpart, by inhibiting 2-AG breakdown, most likely by competition for theactive site on MGL. This suggests that synthetic MGL Inhibitors willhave a similar effect. Indeed, URB602, a relatively weak synthetic MGLInhibitor, showed an antinociceptive effect in a murine model of acuteinflammation (Comelli et al., Brit J Pharmacol, 2007, 152, 787-794).

Although the use of synthetic cannabinoid agonists have conclusivelydemonstrated that increased cannabinoid signaling produces analgesic andanti-inflammatory effects, it has been difficult to separate thesebeneficial effects from the unwanted side effects of these compounds. Analternative approach is to enhance the signaling of the endocannabinoidsystem by elevating the level of 2-AG, the endocannabinoid of highestabundance in the central nervous system (CNS) and gastrointestinaltract, which may be achieved by inhibition of MGL. Therefore, MGLinhibitors are potertially useful for the treatment of pain,inflammation, and CNS disorders (Di Marzo et al., Curr Pharm Des, 2000,6, 1361-80; Jhaveri et al., Brit J Pharmacol, 2007, 152, 624-632;McCarberg Bill et al., Amer J Ther, 2007, 14, 475-83), as well asglaucoma and disease states arising from elevated intraocular pressure(Njie, Ya Fatou; He, Fang; Qiao, Zhuanhong; Song, Zhao-Hui, Exp. EyeRes., 2008, 87(2):106-14).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a compound of Formula (I)

wherein

Q is selected from

wherein

Y is C₆₋₁₀aryl or a heteroaryl that is thiazolyl, pyrrolyl, or oxazolyl;

R¹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; and

m is an integer from 1 to 3;

Z is C₆₋₁₀aryl or a heteroaryl selected from the group consisting ofquinolinyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl,benzimidazolyl, indolyl, and indazolyl;

wherein Z is

(i) optionally independently substituted with one to three substituentsselected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo,trifluoromethyl, and piperidin-1-yl; provided that no more than onesubstituent on Z is piperidin-1-yl; or

(ii) (a) substituted with

and

-   -   (b) optionally further substituted with one additional methyl,        chloro, fluoro, or phenyl substituent;        -   wherein        -   ring A is phenyl, thienyl, or benzothiophenyl; provided that            when ring A is thienyl or benzothiophenyl, G is a bond or            —CH₂—; or when ring A is phenyl, G is selected from the            group consisting of a bond, O, —CH₂—, SO₂, and C(O); and

R² is trifluoromethyl, fluoro, chloro, or methanesulfonyl;

r is an integer from 0 to 3;

and enantiomers, diastereomers, solvates and pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof.

The present invention also provides, inter alia, a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising, consisting of and/or consisting essentially of apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, and a compoundof Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof.

Also provided are processes for making a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising, consisting of, and/or consisting essentially of admixing acompound of Formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, apharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and/or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable diluent.

The present invention further provides, inter alia, methods for treatingor ameliorating a MGL-modulated disorder in a subject, including a humanor other mammal in which the disease, syndrome, or condition is affectedby the modulation of the MGL enzyme, such as pain and the diseases thatlead to such pain, inflammation and CNS disorders, using a compound ofFormula (I).

The present invention also provides, inter alia, methods for producingthe instant compounds and pharmaceutical compositions and medicamentsthereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

With reference to substituents, the term “independently” refers to thesituation where when more than one substituent is possible, thesubstituents may be the same or different from each other.

The term “alkyl” whether used alone or as part of a substituent group,refers to straight and branched carbon chains having 1 to 8 carbonatoms. Therefore, designated numbers of carbon atoms (e.g., C₁₋₈) referindependently to the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl moiety or to thealkyl portion of a larger alkyl-containing substituent. In substituentgroups with multiple alkyl groups, such as, (C₁₋₆alkyl)₂amino-, theC₁₋₆alkyl groups of the dialkylamino may be the same or different.

The term “alkoxy” refers to an —O-alkyl group, wherein the term “alkyl”is as defined above.

The terms “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” refer to straight and branched carbonchains having 2 or more carbon atoms, wherein an alkenyl chain containsat least one double bond and an alkynyl chain contains at least onetriple bond.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to saturated or partially saturated,monocyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon rings of 3 to 14 carbon atoms.Examples of such rings include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and adamantyl.

The term “benzo-fused cycloalkyl” refers to a 5- to 8-memberedmonocyclic cycloalkyl ring fused to a benzene ring. The carbon atom ringmembers that form the cycloalkyl ring may be fully saturated orpartially saturated.

The term “heterocyclyl” refers to a nonaromatic monocyclic or bicyclicring system having 3 to 10 ring members and which contains carbon atomsand from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the groupconsisting of N, O, and S. Included within the term heterocyclyl is anonaromatic cyclic ring of 5 to 7 members in which 1 to 2 members arenitrogen, or a nonaromatic cyclic ring of 5 to 7 members in which 0, 1or 2 members are nitrogen and up to 2 members are oxygen or sulfur andat least one member must be either nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur; wherein,optionally, the ring contains zero to one unsaturated bonds, and,optionally, when the ring is of 6 or 7 members, it contains up to 2unsaturated bonds. The carbon atom ring members that form a heterocyclering may be fully saturated or partially saturated. The term“heterocyclyl” also includes two 5 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkylgroups bridged to form a bicyclic ring. Such groups are not consideredto be fully aromatic and are not referred to as heteroaryl groups. Whena heterocycle is bicyclic, both rings of the heterocycle arenon-aromatic and at least one of the rings contains a heteroatom ringmember. Examples of heterocycle groups include, and are not limited to,pyrrolinyl (including 2H-pyrrole, 2-pyrrolinyl or 3-pyrrolinyl),pyrrolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl,piperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, and piperazinyl. Unlessotherwise noted, the heterocycle is attached to its pendant group at anyheteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure.

The term “benzo-fused heterocyclyl” refers to a 5 to 7 memberedmonocyclic heterocycle ring fused to a benzene ring. The heterocyclering contains carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independentlyselected from the group consisting of N, O, and S. The carbon atom ringmembers that form the heterocycle ring may be fully saturated orpartially saturated. Unless otherwise noted, benzo-fused heterocyclering is attached to its pendant group at a carbon atom of the benzenering.

The term “aryl” refers to an unsaturated, aromatic monocyclic orbicyclic ring of 6 to 10 carbon members. Examples of aryl rings includephenyl and naphthalenyl.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic monocyclic or bicyclicaromatic ring system having 5 to 10 ring members and which containscarbon atoms and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from thegroup consisting of N, O, and S. Included within the term heteroaryl arearomatic rings of 5 or 6 members wherein the ring consists of carbonatoms and has at least one heteroatom member. Suitable heteroatomsinclude nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In the case of 5 membered rings,the heteroaryl ring preferably contains one member of nitrogen, oxygenor sulfur and, in addition, up to 3 additional nitrogens. In the case of6 membered rings, the heteroaryl ring preferably contains from 1 to 3nitrogen atoms. For the case wherein the 6 membered ring has 3nitrogens, at most 2 nitrogen atoms are adjacent. Examples of heteroarylgroups include furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl,imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl,thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolyl,isoindolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl,benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl,benzotriazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl and quinazolinyl. Unlessotherwise noted, the heteroaryl is attached to its pendant group at anyheteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure.

The term “halogen” or “halo” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine andiodine.

The term “formyl” refers to the group —C(═O)H.

The term “oxo” refers to the group (═O).

Whenever the term “alkyl” or “aryl” or either of their prefix rootsappear in a name of a substituent (e.g., arylalkyl, alkylamino) the nameis to be interpreted as including those limitations given above for“alkyl” and “aryl.” Designated numbers of carbon atoms (e.g., C₁-C₆ andC₁₋₆, which are synonymous) refer independently to the number of carbonatoms in an alkyl moiety, an aryl moiety, or in the alkyl portion of alarger substituent in which alkyl appears as its prefix root. For alkyland alkoxy substituents, the designated number of carbon atoms includesall of the independent members included within a given range specified.For example, C₁₋₆ alkyl would include methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl,pentyl and hexyl individually as well as sub-combinations thereof (e.g.,C₁₋₂, C₁₋₃, C₁₋₄, C₁₋₅, C₂₋₆, C₃₋₆, C₄₋₆, C₅₋₆, C₂₋₅, etc.).

In general, under standard nomenclature rules used throughout thisdisclosure, the terminal portion of the designated side chain isdescribed first followed by the adjacent functionality toward the pointof attachment. Thus, for example, a “C₁-C₆ alkylcarbonyl” substituentrefers to a group of the formula:

The term “R” at a stereocenter designates that the stereocenter ispurely of the R-configuration as defined in the art; likewise, the term“S” means that the stereocenter is purely of the S-configuration. Asused herein, the terms “*R” or “*S” at a stereocenter are used todesignate that the stereocenter is of pure but unknown configuration. Asused herein, the term “RS” refers to a stereocenter that exists as amixture of the R- and S-configurations. Similarly, the terms “*RS” or“*SR” refer to a stereocenter that exists as a mixture of the R- andS-configurations and is of unknown configuration relative to anotherstereocenter within the molecule.

Compounds containing one stereocenter drawn without a stereo bonddesignation are a mixture of 2 enantiomers. Compounds containing 2stereocenters both drawn without stereo bond designations are a mixtureof 4 diastereomers. Compounds with 2 stereocenters both labeled “RS” anddrawn with stereo bond designations are a 2-component mixture withrelative stereochemistry as drawn. Compounds with 2 stereocenters bothlabeled “*RS” and drawn with stereo bond designations are a 2-componentmixture with relative stereochemistry unknown. Unlabeled stereocentersdrawn without stereo bond designations are a mixture of the R- andS-configurations. For unlabeled stereocenters drawn with stereo bonddesignations, the absolute stereochemistry is as depicted.

Unless otherwise noted, it is intended that the definition of anysubstituent or variable at a particular location in a molecule beindependent of its definitions elsewhere in that molecule. It isunderstood that substituents and substitution patterns on the compoundsof Formula (I), including Formulas (Ia), (Ib), and (Ic), can be selectedby one of ordinary skill in the art to provide compounds that arechemically stable and that can be readily synthesized by techniquesknown in the art as well as those methods set forth herein.

The term “subject” refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, mostpreferably a human, who has been the object of treatment, observation orexperiment.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of anactive compound or pharmaceutical agent, including a compound of thepresent invention, which elicits the biological or medicinal response ina tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher,veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includesalleviation or partial alleviation of the symptoms of the disease,syndrome, condition, or disorder being treated.

The term “composition” refers to a product that includes the specifiedingredients in therapeutically effective amounts, as well as any productthat results, directly, or indirectly, from combinations of thespecified ingredients in the specified amounts.

The term “MGL inhibitor” is intended to encompass a compound thatinteracts with MGL to substantially reduce or eliminate its catalyticactivity, thereby increasing the concentrations of its substrate(s).

The term “MGL-modulated” is used to refer to the condition of beingaffected by the modulation of the MGL enzyme including the condition ofbeing affected by the inhibition of the MGL enzyme, such as, forexample, pain and the diseases that lead to such pain, inflammation andCNS disorders.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, the term “affect” or “affected”(when referring to a disease, syndrome, condition or disorder that isaffected by the inhibition of MGL) shall include a reduction in thefrequency and/or severity of one or more symptoms or manifestations ofsaid disease, syndrome, condition or disorder; and/or include theprevention of the development of one or more symptoms or manifestationsof said disease, syndrome, condition or disorder or the development ofthe disease, condition, syndrome or disorder.

The compounds of Formula (I), including Formulas (Ia), (Ib), and (Ic),are useful in methods for treating, ameliorating and/or preventing adisease, a syndrome, a condition or a disorder that is affected by theinhibition of MGL. Such methods comprise, consist of and/or consistessentially of administering to a subject, including an animal, amammal, and a human in need of such treatment, amelioration and/orprevention, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula(I), including Formulas (Ia), (Ib), and (Ic), or an enantiomer,diastereomer, solvate or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof.In particular, the compounds of Formula (I), including Formulas (Ia),(Ib), and (Ic), are useful for treating, ameliorating and/or preventingpain; diseases, syndromes, conditions, or disorders causing such pain;inflammation and/or CNS disorders. More particularly, the compounds ofFormula (I), including Formulas (Ia), (Ib), and (Ic), are useful fortreating, ameliorating and/or preventing inflammatory pain, inflammatoryhypersensitivity conditions and/or neuropathic pain, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound of Formula (I), including Formulas (Ia), (Ib), and(Ic), as herein defined.

Examples of inflammatory pain include pain due to a disease, condition,syndrome, disorder, or a pain state including inflammatory boweldisease, visceral pain, migraine, post operative pain, osteoarthritis,rheumatoid arthritis, back pain, lower back pain, joint pain, abdominalpain, chest pain, labor, musculoskeletal diseases, skin diseases,toothache, pyresis, burn, sunburn, snake bite, venomous snake bite,spider bite, insect sting, neurogenic bladder, interstitial cystitis,urinary tract infection, rhinitis, contact dermatitis/hypersensitivity,itch, eczema, pharyngitis, mucositis, enteritis, irritable bowelsyndrome, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, postmastectomy pain syndrome,menstrual pain, endometriosis, pain due to physical trauma, headache,sinus headache, tension headache, or arachnoiditis.

One type of inflammatory pain is inflammatoryhyperalgesia/hypersensitivity. Examples of inflammatory hyperalgesiainclude a disease, syndrome, condition, disorder, or pain stateincluding inflammation, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, back pain,joint pain, abdominal pain, musculoskeletal diseases, skin diseases,post operative pain, headaches, toothache, burn, sunburn, insect sting,neurogenic bladder, urinary incontinence, interstitial cystitis, urinarytract infection, cough, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,rhinitis, contact dermatitis/hypersensitivity, itch, eczema,pharyngitis, enteritis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory boweldiseases including Crohn's Disease, ulcerative colitis, urinaryincontinence, benign prostatic hypertrophy, cough, asthma, rhinitis,nasal hypersensitivity, itch, contact dermatitis and/or dermal allergyand chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

In an embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method fortreating, ameliorating and/or preventing inflammatory visceralhyperalgesia in which an enhanced visceral irritability exists,comprising, consisting of, and/or consisting essentially of the step ofadministering to a subject in need of such treatment a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound, salt or solvate of Formula (I),including Formulas (Ia), (Ib), and (Ic). In a further embodiment, thepresent invention is directed to a method for treating inflammatorysomatic hyperalgesia in which a hypersensitivity to thermal, mechanicaland/or chemical stimuli exists, comprising administering to a mammal inneed of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compoundof Formula (I), including Formulas (Ia), (Ib), and (Ic), or anenantiomer, diastereomer, solvate or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof.

A further embodiment of the present invention is directed to a methodfor treating, ameliorating and/or preventing neuropathic pain. Examplesof a neuropathic pain include pain due to a disease, syndrome,condition, disorder, or pain state including cancer, neurologicaldisorders, spine and peripheral nerve surgery, brain tumor, traumaticbrain injury (TBI), spinal cord trauma, chronic pain syndrome,fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, lupus, sarcoidosis, peripheralneuropathy, bilateral peripheral neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy,central pain, neuropathies associated with spinal cord injury, stroke,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease, multiplesclerosis, sciatic neuritis, mandibular joint neuralgia, peripheralneuritis, polyneuritis, stump pain, phantom limb pain, bony fractures,oral neuropathic pain, Charcot's pain, complex regional pain syndrome Iand II (CRPS I/II), radiculopathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, meralgiaparesthetica, burning-mouth syndrome, optic neuritis, postfebrileneuritis, migrating neuritis, segmental neuritis, Gombault's neuritis,neuronitis, cervicobrachial neuralgia, cranial neuralgia, geniculateneuralgia, glossopharyngial neuralgia, migrainous neuralgia, idiopathicneuralgia, intercostals neuralgia, mammary neuralgia, Morton'sneuralgia, nasociliary neuralgia, occipital neuralgia, postherpeticneuralgia, causalgia, red neuralgia, Sluder's neuralgia, splenopalatineneuralgia, supraorbital neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, vulvodynia, orvidian neuralgia.

One type of neuropathic pain is neuropathic cold allodynia, which can becharacterized by the presence of a neuropathy-associated allodynic statein which a hypersensitivity to cooling stimuli exists. Examples ofneuropathic cold allodynia include allodynia due to a disease,condition, syndrome, disorder or pain state including neuropathic pain(neuralgia), pain arising from spine and peripheral nerve surgery ortrauma, traumatic brain injury (TBI), trigeminal neuralgia, postherpeticneuralgia, causalgia, peripheral neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy,central pain, stroke, peripheral neuritis, polyneuritis, complexregional pain syndrome I and II (CRPS I/II) and radiculopathy.

In a further embodiment, the present invention is directed to a methodfor treating, ameliorating and/or preventing neuropathic cold allodyniain which a hypersensitivity to a cooling stimuli exists, comprising,consisting of, and/or consisting essentially of the step ofadministering to a subject in need of such treatment a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound of Formula (I), including Formulas (Ia),(Ib), and (Ic), or an enantiomer, diastereomer, solvate orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a further embodiment, the present invention is directed to a methodfor treating, ameliorating and/or preventing CNS disorders. Examples ofCNS disorders include anxieties, such as social anxiety, post-traumaticstress disorder, phobias, social phobia, special phobias, panicdisorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, acute stress disorder,separation anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, as wellas depression, such as major depression, bipolar disorder, seasonalaffective disorder, post natal depression, manic depression, and bipolardepression.

Embodiments of the present invention include a compound of Formula (I)

wherein

-   a) Q is selected from

-   -   wherein    -   Y is phenyl or thiazolyl;    -   R¹ is hydrogen or methyl; and    -   m is 1;

-   b) Q is selected from

-   -   wherein    -   Y is phenyl or thiazolyl;    -   R¹ is hydrogen; and    -   m is 1;

-   c) Z is C₆₋₁₀aryl or a heteroaryl selected from the group consisting    of benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, and    indazolyl;    -   wherein Z is    -   (i) optionally independently substituted with one to two        substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl,        fluoro, chloro, bromo, trifluoromethyl, and piperidin-1-yl;        provided that no more than one substituent on Z is        piperidin-1-yl; or    -   (ii) (a) substituted with

-   -    and        -   (b) optionally further substituted with one additional            methyl, chloro, fluoro, or phenyl substituent;            -   wherein            -   ring A is phenyl, thienyl, or benzothiophenyl; provided                that            -   when ring A is thienyl or benzothiophenyl, G is a bond                or —CH₂—; or            -   when ring A is phenyl, G is selected from the group                consisting of a bond, O, —CH₂—, SO₂, or C(O);            -   R² is trifluoromethyl, fluoro, chloro, or                methanesulfonyl;            -   r is an integer from 0 to 3;

-   d) Z is C₆₋₁₀aryl or a heteroaryl selected from the group consisting    of benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, and    indazolyl;    -   wherein Z is    -   (i) optionally independently substituted with one to two        substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl,        fluoro, chloro, bromo, and trifluoromethyl; or    -   (ii) (a) substituted with

-   -    and        -   (b) optionally further substituted with one additional            methyl, chloro, fluoro, or phenyl substituent;            -   wherein            -   ring A is phenyl or thienyl; provided that            -   when ring A is thienyl, G is a bond or —CH₂—; or            -   when ring A is phenyl, G is selected from the group                consisting of a bond, —CH₂—, or SO₂;            -   R² is trifluoromethyl, fluoro, chloro, or                methanesulfonyl;            -   r is an integer from 0 to 2;

and any combination of embodiments a) through d) above, provided that itis understood that combinations in which different embodiments of thesame substituent would be combined are excluded;

and enantiomers, diastereomers, solvates and pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof.

An embodiment of the present invention is directed to a compound ofFormula (I)

wherein:

Q is selected from

wherein

Y is phenyl or thiazolyl;

R¹ is hydrogen or methyl; and

m is 1;

Z is C₆₋₁₀aryl or a heteroaryl selected from the group consisting ofbenzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, and indazolyl;

wherein Z is

-   -   (i) optionally independently substituted with one to two        substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl,        fluoro, chloro, bromo, trifluoromethyl, and piperidin-1-yl;        provided that no more than one substituent on Z is        piperidin-1-yl; or    -   (ii) (a) substituted with

-   -    and        -   (b) optionally further substituted with one additional            methyl, chloro, fluoro, or phenyl substituent;            -   wherein            -   ring A is phenyl, thienyl, or benzothiophenyl; provided                that    -   when ring A is thienyl or benzothiophenyl, G is a bond or —CH₂—;        or    -   when ring A is phenyl, G is selected from the group consisting        of a bond, O, —CH₂—, SO₂, or C(O);    -   R² is trifluoromethyl, fluoro, chloro, or methanesulfonyl;    -   r is an integer from 0 to 3;

and enantiomers, diastereomers, solvates and pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof.

An embodiment of the present invention is directed to a compound ofFormula (I)

wherein:

Q is selected from

wherein

Y is phenyl or thiazolyl;

R¹ is hydrogen; and

m is 1;

Z is C₆₋₁₀aryl or a heteroaryl selected from the group consisting ofbenzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, and indazolyl;

wherein Z is

-   -   (i) optionally independently substituted with one to two        substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl,        fluoro, chloro, bromo, and trifluoromethyl; or    -   (ii) (a) substituted with

and

-   -   -   (b) optionally further substituted with one additional            methyl, chloro, fluoro, or phenyl substituent;            -   wherein

    -   ring A is phenyl or thienyl; provided that

    -   when ring A is thienyl, G is a bond or —CH₂—; or

    -   when ring A is phenyl, G is selected from the group consisting        of a bond, —CH₂—, or SO₂;        -   R² is trifluoromethyl, fluoro, chloro, or methanesulfonyl;        -   r is an integer from 0 to 2;

and enantiomers, diastereomers, solvates and pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof.

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to compounds ofFormula (Ia), listed in Table 1, below.

TABLE 1 Formula (Ia)

Cpd No. Y R₁ Z  1 thiazol-2-yl H 1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl  2 thiazol-4-yl H 4-(3- trifluoromethylphenyl)phenyl  3thiazol-2-yl H 1-(phenylsulfonyl)- 1H-indol-5-yl  4 thiazol-2-yl H2-phenyl-benzothiazol-6-yl  5 thiazol-2-yl H 4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)phenyl  6 thiazol-2-yl H6-phenyl-benzothiophen-2-yl  7 thiazol-2-yl H 6-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl  8 thiazol-2-yl H 4-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl  9 thiazol-2-yl H 4-(5-trifluoromethyl-thien-2-yl)-phenyl 10 thiazol-2-yl H 4-(phenylmethyl)-phenyl 11 thiazol-4-yl H1-(4-fluorophenyl)- 1H-indol-5-yl 12 thiazol-2-yl H4-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)- phenyl 13 thiazol-2-yl H1-phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl 14 thiazol-4-yl H 4-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-phenyl 15 thiazol-2-yl H 3-methyl-5-chloro- benzothiophen-2-yl 16thiazol-2-yl H 4-(4-trifluoromethyl phenylmethyl)phenyl 17 thiazol-2-ylH 2-phenyl-benzoxazol-6-yl 18 thiazol-2-yl H 4-(3-methanesulfonylphenyl)phenyl 19 thiazol-2-yl H 5-bromo-naphth-2-yl 20 thiazol-2-yl H4-(3-trifluoromethyl phenylmethyl)phenyl 21 thiazol-2-yl H6-phenyl-naphth-2-yl 22 thiazol-4-yl H 2-phenyl-benzothiazol-6-yl 23thiazol-2-yl H 6-bromo-benzothiophen-2-yl 24 phenyl H5-bromo-naphth-2-yl 25 phenyl H 5-phenyl-naphth-2-yl 26 phenyl H4-(4-trifluoromethyl phenylmethyl)phenyl 27 thiazol-2-yl H1-phenyl-1H-indol-6-yl 28 thiazol-2-yl H 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-benzoxazol-6-yl 29 thiazol-2-yl H 4-phenyl-phenyl 30 thiazol-2-yl H2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)- benzoxazol-6-yl 31 phenyl H4-(phenylmethyl)phenyl 32 thiazol-2-yl H 4-phenoxy-phenyl 33thiazol-2-yl H 2-(4-chlorophenyl)- benzoxazol-6-yl 34 phenyl H6-phenyl-naphth-2-yl 35 thiazol-2-yl H 2-phenyl-benzoxazol-5-yl 36phenyl H 3-methyl-5-chloro- benzothiophen-2-yl 37 thiazol-2-yl methyl6-trifluoromethyl- benzothiophen-2-yl 38 thiazol-2-yl H4-(phenylcarbonyl)-phenyl 39 phenyl H 4-phenyl-phenyl 40 thiazol-2-yl H6-bromo-naphth-2-yl 41 phenyl H 2-phenyl-benzoxazol-6-yl 42 phenyl H6-bromo-naphth-2-yl 43 thiazol-2-yl H 4-bromophenyl 44 phenyl H5-trifluoromethyl- benzothiophen-2-yl 45 phenyl H 4-phenoxy-phenyl 46thiazol-4-yl H 2-bromo-benzothiazol-6-yl 47 thiazol-2-yl H5-trifluoromethyl- benzothiazol-2-yl 48 thiazol-4-yl methyl6-trifluoromethyl- benzothiophen-2-yl 49 thiazol-4-yl H6-trifluoromethyl- benzothiophen-2-yl 50 thiazol-2-yl H3-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl- benzothiophen-2-yl 51 thiazol-4-yl H3-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl- benzothiophen-2-yl 52 thiazol-2-yl H1-phenyl-1H-indazol-5-yl 53 thiazol-2-yl H 5-phenyl-naphth-2-yl 54thiazol-4-yl H 1-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-1H- indol-5-yl 55 thiazol-2-yl H1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1H- indol-5-yl 56 thiazol-2-yl H3-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl- benzothiophen-2-yl 57 thiazol-2-yl H1-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-1H- indol-5-yl 58 thiazol-2-yl H 2-methyl-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)- phenyl 59 thiazol-2-yl H 2-fluoro-4-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)- phenyl 60 thiazol-4-yl H1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1H- indol-5-yl 61 thiazol-2-yl H1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol- 5-yl 62 thiazol-2-yl H1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl- 1H-indol-5-yl 63 thiazol-2-yl H2-methyl-4-(4- trifluoromethylphenyl)phenyl 64 thiazol-2-yl H2-fluoro-4-(3- trifluoromethylphenyl)phenyl 65 thiazol-2-yl H3-methyl-6-bromo- benzothiophen-2-yl 66 thiazol-2-yl H3-methyl-6-phenyl- benzothiophen-2-yl 67 thiazol-4-yl H3-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl- benzothiophen-2-yland pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to compounds ofFormula (Ib), listed in Table 2, below.

TABLE 2 Formula (Ib)

Cpd No. m Z 68 1 3-chloro-6-phenyl- benzothiophen-2-yl 69 16-phenyl-naphth-2-yl 70 1 1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)- 1H-indol-5-yl 711 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol- 5-yl 72 1 6-(3- methanesulfonylphenyl)-benzothiophen-2-yl 73 1 3-chloro-6-bromo- benzothiophen-2-yl 74 13,6-diphenyl-benzothiophen- 2-yl 75 1 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl 76 1 4-(5-trifluoromethyl-thien-2- yl)phenyl 77 12-phenyl-benzoxazol-5-yl 78 1 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-benzoxazol-6-yl 79 1 5-phenyl-benzothiophen-2-yl 80 14-(3-methanesulfonylphenyl) phenyl 81 1 6-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl 82 1 5-(3-methanesulfonylphenyl) benzothiophen-2-yl83 1 5-bromo-naphth-2-yl 84 1 2-phenyl-benzoxazol-6-yl 85 11-phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl 86 1 4-(3-trifluoromethyl phenylmethyl)phenyl 871 6-bromo-benzothiophen-2-yl 88 1 2-(4-chlorophenyl)- benzoxazol-6-yl 891 1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)- 1H-indol-5-yl 90 1 6-bromo-naphth-2-yl 911 4-piperidin-1-yl-phenyl 92 1 4-phenyl-phenyl 93 15-bromo-benzothiophen-2-yl 94 1 4-(phenylmethyl)phenyl 95 14-(benzothiophen-2- yl)phenyl 96 1 4-bromophenyl 97 15-phenyl-naphth-2-yl 98 1 6-phenyl-benzothiophen-2-yl 99 13-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl- benzothiophen-2-yl 100 1 3-chloro-6-fluoro-benzothiophen-2-yl 101 1 3-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl- benzothiophen-2-yl102 1 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol- 5-yland pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to compounds ofFormula (Ic), listed in Table 3, below.

TABLE 3 Formula (Ic)

Cpd No. Z 103 3-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl 1042-methyl-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)phenyl 1052-methyl-4-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)phenyl 1061-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yland pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

For use in medicine, salts of compounds of Formula (I), includingFormulas (Ia), (Ib), and (Ic), refer to non-toxic “pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts.” Other salts may, however, be useful in thepreparation of compounds of Formula (I), including Formulas (Ia), (Ib),and (Ic), or of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula (I),including Formulas (Ia), (Ib), and (Ic), include acid addition saltswhich can, for example, be formed by mixing a solution of the compoundwith a solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable acid such ashydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinicacid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, carbonicacid or phosphoric acid. Furthermore, where the compounds of Formula(I), including Formulas (Ia), (Ib), and (Ic), carry an acidic moiety,suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may include alkalimetal salts, such as sodium or potassium salts; alkaline earth metalsalts, such as, calcium or magnesium salts; and salts formed withsuitable organic ligands, such as, quaternary ammonium salts. Thus,representative pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acetate,benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate,bromide, calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, clavulanate,citrate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate,fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate,hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide, hydrochloride,hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isothionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate,malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methylbromide, methylnitrate,methylsulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate, N-methylglucamine ammoniumsalt, oleate, pamoate (embonate), palmitate, pantothenate,phosphate/diphosphate, polygalacturonate, salicylate, stearate, sulfate,subacetate, succinate, tannate, tartrate, teoclate, tosylate,triethiodide and valerate.

Representative acids and bases that may be used in the preparation ofpharmaceutically acceptable salts include acids including acetic acid,2,2-dichloroactic acid, acylated amino acids, adipic acid, alginic acid,ascorbic acid, L-aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid,4-acetamidobenzoic acid, (+)-camphoric acid, camphorsulfonic acid,(+)-(1S)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylicacid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid,ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid,2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaricacid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid, D-gluconic acid, D-glucoronicacid, L-glutamic acid, α-oxo-glutaric acid, glycolic acid, hippuricacid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, (+)-L-lactic acid,(±)-DL-lactic acid, lactobionic acid, maleic acid, (−)-L-malic acid,malonic acid, (±)-DL-mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid,naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid,1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, nicotinic acid, nitric acid, oleic acid,orotic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, phosphoric acid,L-pyroglutamic acid, salicylic acid, 4-amino-salicylic acid, sebaicacid, stearic acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, tannic acid,(+)-L-tartaric acid, thiocyanic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid andundecylenic acid; and bases including ammonia, L-arginine, benethamine,benzathine, calcium hydroxide, choline, deanol, diethanolamine,diethylamine, 2-(diethylamino)-ethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine,N-methyl-glucamine, hydrabamine, 1H-imidazole, L-lysine, magnesiumhydroxide, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-morpholine, piperazine, potassiumhydroxide, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pyrrolidine, sodium hydroxide,triethanolamine, tromethamine and zinc hydroxide.

Embodiments of the present invention include prodrugs of compounds ofFormula (I), including Formulas (Ia), (Ib), and (Ic). In general, suchprodrugs will be functional derivatives of the compounds that arereadily convertible in vivo into the required compound. Thus, in themethods of treating or preventing embodiments of the present invention,the term “administering” encompasses the treatment or prevention of thevarious diseases, conditions, syndromes and disorders described with thecompound specifically disclosed or with a compound that may not bespecifically disclosed, but which converts to the specified compound invivo after administration to a patient. Conventional procedures for theselection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described,for example, in “Design of Prodrugs”, ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.

Where the compounds according to embodiments of this invention have atleast one chiral center, they may accordingly exist as enantiomers.Where the compounds possess two or more chiral centers, they mayadditionally exist as diastereomers. It is to be understood that allsuch isomers and mixtures thereof are encompassed within the scope ofthe present invention. Furthermore, some of the crystalline forms forthe compounds may exist as polymorphs and as such are intended to beincluded in the present invention. In addition, some of the compoundsmay form solvates with water (i.e., hydrates) or common organicsolvents, and such solvates are also intended to be encompassed withinthe scope of this invention. The skilled artisan will understand thatthe term compound as used herein, is meant to include solvated compoundsof Formula (I), including Formulas (Ia), (Ib), and (Ic).

Where the processes for the preparation of the compounds according tocertain embodiments of the invention give rise to mixture ofstereoisomers, these isomers may be separated by conventional techniquessuch as preparative chromatography. The compounds may be prepared inracemic form, or individual enantiomers may be prepared either byenantiospecific synthesis or by resolution. The compounds may, forexample, be resolved into their component enantiomers by standardtechniques, such as the formation of diastereomeric pairs by saltformation with an optically active acid, such as(−)-di-p-toluoyl-d-tartaric acid and/or (+)-di-p-toluoyl-1-tartaric acidfollowed by fractional crystallization and regeneration of the freebase. The compounds may also be resolved by formation of diastereomericesters or amides, followed by chromatographic separation and removal ofthe chiral auxiliary. Alternatively, the compounds may be resolved usinga chiral HPLC column.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a composition,including a pharmaceutical composition, comprising, consisting of,and/or consisting essentially of the (+)-enantiomer of a compound ofFormula (I) wherein said composition is substantially free from the(−)-isomer of said compound. In the present context, substantially freemeans less than about 25%, preferably less than about 10%, morepreferably less than about 5%, even more preferably less than about 2%and even more preferably less than about 1% of the (−)-isomer calculatedas.

${{\%( + )} - {enantiomer}} = {\frac{\left( {{{mass}( + )} - {enantiomer}} \right)}{\left( {{{mass}( + )} - {enantiomer}} \right) + \left( {{{mass}( - )} - {enantiomer}} \right)} \times 100.}$

Another embodiment of the present invention is a composition, includinga pharmaceutical composition, comprising, consisting of, and consistingessentially of the (−)-enantiomer of a compound of Formula (I) whereinsaid composition is substantially free from the (+)-isomer of saidcompound. In the present context, substantially free from means lessthan about 25%, preferably less than about 10%, more preferably lessthan about 5%, even more preferably less than about 2% and even morepreferably less than about 1% of the (+)-isomer calculated as

${{\%( - )} - {enantiomer}} = {\frac{\left( {{{mass}( - )} - {enantiomer}} \right)}{\left( {{{mass}( + )} - {enantiomer}} \right) + \left( {{{mass}( - )} - {enantiomer}} \right)} \times 100.}$

During any of the processes for preparation of the compounds of thevarious embodiments of the present invention, it may be necessary and/ordesirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of themolecules concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventionalprotecting groups, such as those described in Protective Groups inOrganic Chemistry, Second Edition, J. F. W. McOmie, Plenum Press, 1973;T. W. Greene & P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,John Wiley & Sons, 1991; and T. W. Greene & P. G. M. Wuts, ProtectiveGroups in Organic Synthesis, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999. Theprotecting groups may be removed at a convenient subsequent stage usingmethods known from the art.

Even though the compounds of embodiments of the present invention(including their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and pharmaceuticallyacceptable solvates) can be administered alone, they will generally beadministered in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, apharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable diluent selected with regard to the intended route ofadministration and standard pharmaceutical or veterinary practice. Thus,particular embodiments of the present invention are directed topharmaceutical and veterinary compositions comprising compounds ofFormula (I) and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and/or pharmaceuticallyacceptable diluent.

By way of example, in the pharmaceutical compositions of embodiments ofthe present invention, the compounds of Formula (I), including Formulas(Ia), (Ib), and (Ic), may be admixed with any suitable binder(s),lubricant(s), suspending agent(s), coating agent(s), solubilizingagent(s), and combinations thereof.

Solid oral dosage forms, such as tablets or capsules, containing thecompounds of the present invention may be administered in at least onedosage form at a time, as appropriate. It is also possible to administerthe compounds in sustained release formulations.

Additional oral forms in which the present inventive compounds may beadministered include elixirs, solutions, syrups, and suspensions; eachoptionally containing flavoring agents and coloring agents.

Alternatively, compounds of Formula (I), including Formulas (Ia), (Ib),and (Ic), can be administered by inhalation (intratracheal orintranasal) or in the form of a suppository or pessary, or they may beapplied topically in the form of a lotion, solution, cream, ointment ordusting powder. For example, they can be incorporated into a creamcomprising, consisting of, and/or consisting essentially of an aqueousemulsion of polyethylene glycols or liquid paraffin. They can also beincorporated, at a concentration of between about 1% and about 10% byweight of the cream, into an ointment comprising, consisting of, and/orconsisting essentially of a white wax or white soft paraffin basetogether with any stabilizers and preservatives as may be required. Analternative means of administration includes transdermal administrationby using a skin or transdermal patch.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention (as well as thecompounds of the present invention alone) can also be injectedparenterally, for example intracavernosally, intravenously,intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intradermally or intrathecally. In thiscase, the compositions will also include at least one of a suitablecarrier, a suitable excipient, and a suitable diluent.

For parenteral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions of thepresent invention are best used in the form of a sterile aqueoussolution that may contain other substances, for example, enough saltsand monosaccharides to make the solution isotonic with blood.

For buccal or sublingual administration, the pharmaceutical compositionsof the present invention may be administered in the form of tablets orlozenges, which can be formulated in a conventional manner.

By way of further example, pharmaceutical compositions containing atleast one of the compounds of Formula (I), including Formulas (Ia),(Ib), and (Ic), as the active ingredient can be prepared by mixing thecompound(s) with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, apharmaceutically acceptable diluent, and/or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient according to conventional pharmaceuticalcompounding techniques. The carrier, excipient, and diluent may take awide variety of forms depending upon the desired route of administration(e.g., oral, parenteral, etc.). Thus for liquid oral preparations, suchas suspensions, syrups, elixirs and solutions, suitable carriers,excipients and diluents include water, glycols, oils, alcohols,flavoring agents, preservatives, stabilizers, coloring agents and thelike; for solid oral preparations, such as powders, capsules andtablets, suitable carriers, excipients and diluents include starches,sugars, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders,disintegrating agents and the like. Solid oral preparations also may beoptionally coated with substances, such as, sugars, or beenterically-coated so as to modulate the major site of absorption anddisintegration. For parenteral administration, the carrier, excipientand diluent will usually include sterile water, and other ingredientsmay be added to increase solubility and preservation of the composition.Injectable suspensions or solutions may also be prepared utilizingaqueous carriers along with appropriate additives, such as solubilizersand preservatives.

A therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I),including Formulas (Ia), (Ib), and (Ic), or a pharmaceutical compositionthereof includes a dose range from about 0.1 mg to about 3000 mg, or anyparticular amount or range therein, in particular from about 1 mg toabout 1000 mg, or any particular amount or range therein; or, moreparticularly, from about 10 mg to about 500 mg, or any particular amountor range therein, of active ingredient in a regimen of about 1 to about4 times per day for an average (70 kg) human; although, it is apparentto one skilled in the art that the therapeutically effective amount fora compound of Formula (I), including Formulas (Ia), (Ib), and (Ic), willvary as will the diseases, syndromes, conditions, and disorders beingtreated.

For oral administration, a pharmaceutical composition is preferablyprovided in the form of tablets containing about 0.01, about 10, about50, about 100, about 150, about 200, about 250, and about 500 milligramsof a compound of Formula (I), including Formulas (Ia), (Ib), and (Ic).

Advantageously, a compound of Formula (I), including Formulas (Ia),(Ib), and (Ic), may be administered in a single daily dose, or the totaldaily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three and fourtimes daily.

Optimal dosages of a compound of Formula (I), including Formulas (Ia),(Ib), and (Ic), to be administered may be readily determined and willvary with the particular compound used, the mode of administration, thestrength of the preparation and the advancement of the disease,syndrome, condition or disorder. In addition, factors associated withthe particular subject being treated, including subject gender, age,weight, diet and time of administration, will result in the need toadjust the dose to achieve an appropriate therapeutic level and desiredtherapeutic effect. The above dosages are thus exemplary of the averagecase. There can be, of course, individual instances wherein higher orlower dosage ranges are merited, and such are within the scope of thisinvention.

Compounds of Formula (I), including Formulas (Ia), (Ib), and (Ic), maybe administered in any of the foregoing compositions and dosage regimensor by means of those compositions and dosage regimens established in theart whenever use of a compound of Formula (I), including Formulas (Ia),(Ib), and (Ic), is required for a subject in need thereof.

As MGL inhibitors, the compounds of Formula (I), including Formulas(Ia), (Ib), and (Ic), are useful in methods for treating and preventinga disease, a syndrome, a condition or a disorder in a subject, includingan animal, a mammal and a human in which the disease, the syndrome, thecondition or the disorder is affected by the modulation of the MGLenzyme. Such methods comprise, consist of and/or consist essentially ofadministering to a subject, including an animal, a mammal, and a humanin need of such treatment or prevention a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound, salt or solvate of Formula (I), including Formulas(Ia), (Ib), and (Ic). In particular, the compounds of Formula (I),including Formulas (Ia), (Ib), and (Ic), are useful for preventing ortreating pain, or diseases, syndromes, conditions, or disorders causingsuch pain, or for treating inflammation or CNS disorders.

Examples of inflammatory pain include pain due to a disease, condition,syndrome, disorder, or a pain state, including inflammatory boweldisease, visceral pain, migraine, post operative pain, osteoarthritis,rheumatoid arthritis, back pain, lower back pain, joint pain, abdominalpain, chest pain, labor pain, musculoskeletal diseases, skin diseases,toothache, pyresis, burn, sunburn, snake bite, venomous snake bite,spider bite, insect sting, neurogenic bladder, interstitial cystitis,urinary tract infection, rhinitis, contact dermatitis/hypersensitivity,itch, eczema, pharyngitis, mucositis, enteritis, irritable bowelsyndrome, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, postmastectomy pain syndrome,menstrual pain, endometriosis pain, pain due to physical trauma,headache, sinus headache, tension headache, or arachnoiditis.

Examples of CNS disorders include anxieties, such as social anxiety,post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, social phobia, special phobias,panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, acute stress disorder,separation anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, as wellas depression, such as major depression, bipolar disorder, seasonalaffective disorder, post natal depression, manic depression, and bipolardepression.

General Synthetic Methods

Representative compounds of the present invention can be synthesized inaccordance with the general synthetic methods described below andillustrated in the schemes and examples that follow. Since the schemesare an illustration, the invention should not be construed as beinglimited by the chemical reactions and conditions described in theschemes. The various starting materials used in the schemes and examplesare commercially available or may be prepared by methods well within theskill of persons versed in the art. The variables are as defined herein.

Abbreviations used in the instant specification, particularly theschemes and examples, are as follows:

-   -   AcCl acetyl chloride    -   AcOH glacial acetic acid    -   aq. aqueous    -   Bn or Bzl benzyl    -   Boc tert-butyloxycarbonyl    -   conc. concentrated    -   DCC N,N′-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide    -   DCE 1,2-dichloroethane    -   DCM dichloromethane    -   DIPEA diisopropyl-ethyl amine    -   DMAP 4-dimethylaminopyridine    -   DMF N,N-dimethylformamide    -   DMSO dimethylsulfoxide    -   DPPA diphenylphosphoryl azide    -   EDC N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride    -   ESI electrospray ionization    -   EtOAc ethyl acetate    -   EtOH ethanol    -   h hour(s)    -   HATU O-(1H-7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium        hexafluorophosphate    -   HBTU O-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium        hexafluorophosphate    -   HEK human embryonic kidney    -   HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethane sulfonic acid    -   HPLC high performance liquid chromatography    -   HOBt N-hydroxybenzotriazole    -   mCPBA meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid    -   MeCN acetonitrile    -   MeOH methanol    -   MeOTf methyl triflate    -   MHz megahertz    -   min minutes    -   MS mass spectrometry    -   NMR nuclear magnetic resonance    -   PIPES piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid)    -   PyBrOP bromo-tris-pyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate    -   RP reverse-phase    -   R_(t) retention time    -   TEA or Et₃N triethylamine    -   TFA trifluoroacetic acid    -   THF tetrahydrofuran    -   TLC thin layer chromatography    -   TMS tetramethylsilane

Scheme A illustrates a route for the synthesis of compounds of Formula(Ia) wherein Y and Z are as defined herein and R₁ is hydrogen.

A compound of formula A1 (wherein P is a conventional amino protectinggroup such as Boc, Fmoc, Cbz, and the like) is either commerciallyavailable or may be prepared by known methods described in thescientific literature. A compound of formula A1 may be treated with acarboxylic acid of formula A2 (wherein X is hydroxy) in the presence ofan appropriate coupling agent such as HATU, DCC, EDC, HBTU, PyBrOP, andthe like; and optionally in the presence of a base such as DIPEA, toafford a compound of formula A3. Similarly, an acid chloride of formulaA2 (wherein X is chloro) may be used to effect the acylation of acompound of formula A1. In such case a non-nucleophilic base such aspyridine may be added to afford a compound of Formula A3. Conventionalamino deprotection of a compound of formula A3 affords an amine offormula A4 which may undergo a reductive alkylation with a compound offormula A5 (wherein P is a conventional amino protecting group such asBoc, Fmoc, Cbz, and the like) in the presence of a hydride source suchas sodium triacetoxyborohydride to afford a compound of formula A6.Removal of amino protecting group P by conventional methods affords anamine of formula A7, which may be treated with a Z-substitutedcarboxylic acid of formula A8 (wherein X is hydroxy) in the presence ofan appropriate coupling agent such as HATU, DCC, EDC, HBTU, PyBrOP, andthe like; and optionally in the presence of a base such as DIPEA, toafford a compound of Formula (Ia). Similarly, an acid chloride offormula A8 (wherein X is chloro) may be used to effect the acylation ofa compound of formula A7. In such case a non-nucleophilic base such aspyridine may be added to afford a compound of Formula (Ia).

Scheme B illustrates a route for the synthesis of compounds of Formula(Ia) wherein Y and Z are as defined herein and R₁ is C₁₋₄alkyl.

The compound of formula A5 may undergo a reductive alkylation with acommercially available R₁-substituted benzyl amine (B1) in the presenceof a hydride source, such as, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, and in anaprotic solvent, such as, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, and the like,to afford a compound of formula B2. Conventional removal of aminoprotecting group P followed by a reductive alkylation with a compound offormula A5, as previously described in Scheme A, affords a compound offormula B4. Removal of amino protecting group P affords the secondaryamine of formula B5, which may then participate in a peptide couplingreaction with a compound of formula A8 as described in Scheme A toafford a compound of formula B6. The benzyl protecting group may beremoved with a palladium catalyst, in the presence of formic acid and inan alcoholic solvent, such as, methanol or ethanol, to afford an amineof formula B7. Coupling with a compound of formula A2 using theconditions previously described in Scheme A affords the final compoundof Formula (Ia).

Scheme C illustrates a route for the synthesis of compounds of Formula(Ib) wherein m and Z are as defined herein.

The compound of formula A1 may be treated with an aldehyde of formula C1in the presence of a hydride source, such as, sodiumtriacetoxyborohydride, and in an aprotic solvent, such as,dichloromethane, dichloroethane, and the like, to afford a compound offormula C2. Removal of amino protecting group P using convention methodsaffords an amine of formula C3. Reductive alkylation with a compound offormula A5, as described in previous schemes, affords a compound offormula C4. Amino deprotection followed by coupling with a compound offormula A8 under peptide coupling conditions affords a desired compoundof Formula (Ib).

Scheme D illustrates a route for the synthesis of compounds of Formula(Ic) wherein Z is as defined herein.

A compound of formula D1 is either commercially available or may beprepared by known methods described in the scientific literature. Thecompound of formula D1 may be converted to a compound of formula D2 bythe action of thionyl chloride and methanol to give the methyl ester,followed by N-bromosuccinimide in the presence of benzoylperoxide incarbon tetrachloride to give the final methyl bromide. Nucleophilicdisplacement of the bromide of formula D2 with an amine of formula A1,in the presence of an inorganic base, such as, potassium carbonate,affords a compound of formula D3. Conventional saponification usingreagents, such as, sodium hydroxide in ethanol affords the correspondingcarboxylic acid of formula D4. Treatment of a compound of formula D4with EDCI, in the presence of a coupling additive, such as, HOBt, and inthe presence of a hindered organic base, such as, DMAP, affords thecyclized product of formula D5. Conventional amino deprotection of acompound of formula D5 followed by reductive alkylation with a compoundof formula A5 affords a compound of formula D7. Removal of the aminoprotecting group P followed by coupling with the compound of formula A8as previously described affords a compound of Formula (Ic) of thepresent invention.

Example 1

A. tert-Butyl 3-benzamidoazetidine-1-carboxylate, 1c

To a solution of 1-Boc-3-aminoazetidine 1a (1.2 g, 6.98 mmol) and Et₃N(2.4 mL, 17.3 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (70 mL) at 0° C. was added benzoylchloride 1b (0.89 mL, 7.68 mmol). The reaction was kept at 0° C. for 3h, quenched with aq. NaHCO₃, and the resulting mixture was extractedwith CH₂Cl₂. The organic solution was dried over Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel,40% EtOAc/heptane) gave compound 1c (1.9 g).

B. tert-Butyl 3-benzamido-[1,3′-biazetidine]-1′-carboxylate, 1e

To a solution of 1c (1.45 g, 5.25 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) at roomtemperature was added CF₃CO₂H (5 mL). The reaction was stirred at roomtemperature for 1.5 h. The reaction was concentrated and the resultingresidue was dissolved in a mixed solution of 1,2-dichloroethane (10 mL)and acetic acid (0.5 mL). To the resulting solution at room temperaturewas added 1-Boc-azetidin-3-one 1d (0.99 g, 5.79 mmol), followed byNa(OAc)₃BH (1.23 g, 5.80 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 20 h. Additional 1-Boc-azetidin-3-one 1d (0.50 g, 2.92mmol) and Na(OAc)₃BH (0.62 g, 2.92 mmol) was added. The reaction wasstirred for another 6 h before it was quenched by the addition of aq.NaHCO₃. The resulting mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organicsolution was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Purification by flashcolumn chromatography (silica gel, 4% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) gave compound 1e(0.93 g).

C. N-[1′-(Biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl]benzamide, Cpd 39

A solution of compound 1e (65 mg, 0.20 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) andCF₃CO₂H (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reactionmixture was concentrated and the resulting residue was dissolved inCH₂Cl₂ (3 mL). To this solution was added 1N HCl in ether (1 mL, 1mmol), and the resulting mixture was concentrated to give compound 1f.To a mixture of compound 1f (0.20 mmol), 4-phenylbenzoic acid (59 mg,0.30 mmol), and Et₃N (0.17 mL, 1.22 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) was addedHATU (114 mg, 0.30 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperaturefor 20 h. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with aq. NaHCO₃,dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Purification by flash columnchromatography (silica gel, 4% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) gave compound 39 (40 mg). MS412 (M+H⁺).

Following the procedure described above for Example 1 and substitutingthe appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methodsknown to those skilled in the art, the following compounds of thepresent invention were prepared:

Cpd Name and data 1 N-[1′-({1-[4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}carbonyl)-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl]-1,3-thiazole-2- carboxamide. ¹H NMR(CHLOROFORM-d, 400 MHz): δ = 8.0 (s, 1 H), 7.50-7.90 (m, 8 H), 7.40 (s,1H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 4.75(m, 1 H), 4.00-4.40 (m, 4 H), 3.75 (m, 2 H), 3.55(m, 1 H), 3.20 ppm (m, 2 H). MS 526 (M + H⁺). 3N-(1′-{[1-(Phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 522 (M + H⁺). 4N-{1′-[(2-Phenyl-1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide MS 476 (M + H⁺). 9N-[1′-({4-[5-(Trifluoromethyl)thiophen-2-yl]phenyl}carbonyl)-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl]-1,3-thiazole- 2-carboxamide.MS 493 (M + H⁺). 10 N-{1′-[(4-Benzylphenyl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 433 (M + H⁺). 11N-(1′-{[1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide. MS 476 (M + H⁺). 13N-{1′-[(1-Phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 458 (M + H⁺). 15N-{1′-[(5-Chloro-3-methyl-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-2- carboxamide. MS 447(M + H⁺). 16 N-[1′-({4-[4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzyl]phenyl}carbonyl)-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl]-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 501 (M + H⁺). 17N-{1′-[(2-Phenyl-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide ¹H NMR (CHLOROFORM-d, 400MHz): δ = 8.27 (m, 2 H), 7.52-7.92 (m, 8 H), 4.78(m, 1 H), 4.20-4.40 (m,2 H), 4.15 (m, 1 H), 4.04 (m, 1 H), 3.75 (m, 2 H), 3.55 (m, 1 H), 2.23ppm (m, 2 H). MS 460 (M + H⁺). 19N-{1′-[(5-Bromonaphthalen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 472 (M + H⁺). 20N-[1′-({4-[3- (Trifluoromethyl)benzyl]phenyl}carbonyl)-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl]-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 501 (M + H⁺). 22N-{1′-[(2-Phenyl-1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide. MS 476 (M + H⁺). 23N-{1′-[(6-Bromo-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 478 (M + H⁺). 24N-{1′-[(5-Bromonaphthalen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}benzamide. MS 465 (M + H⁺). 26 N-[1′-({4-[4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzyl]phenyl}carbonyl)-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl]benzamide. MS 494 (M + H⁺). 27N-{1′-[(1-Phenyl-1H-indol-6-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 458 (M + H⁺). 28N-[1′-({2-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl}carbonyl)-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl]-1,3-thiazole-2- carboxamide. MS 528(M + H⁺). 29 N-[1′-(Biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl]-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 419 (M + H⁺). 30N-[1′-({2-[4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl}carbonyl)-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl]-1,3-thiazole-2- carboxamide. MS 528(M + H⁺). 31 N-{1′-[(4-Benzylphenyl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}benzamide. MS 426 (M + H⁺). 32N-{1′-[(4-Phenoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 435 (M + H⁺). 33N-(1′-{[2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2- carboxamide. MS 494(M + H⁺). 35 N-{1′-[(2-Phenyl-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 460 (M + H⁺). 36N-{1′-[(5-Chloro-3-methyl-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}benzamide MS 440 (M + H⁺). 38N-(1′-{[4-(Phenylcarbonyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 447 (M + H⁺). 40N-{1′-[(6-Bromonaphthalen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 472 (M + H⁺). 41N-{1′-[(2-Phenyl-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}benzamide. MS 453 (M + H⁺). 42N-{1′-[(6-Bromonaphthalen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}benzamide. MS 465 (M + H⁺). 43N-{1′-[(4-Bromophenyl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 421 (M + H⁺). 44N-(1′-{[5-(Trifluoromethyl)-1-benzothiophen-2-yl[carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)benzamide. MS 460 (M + H⁺). 45N-{1′-[(4-Phenoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3- yl}benzamide. MS428 (M + H⁺). 46 N-{1′-[(2-Bromo-1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide. MS 478 (M + H⁺). 52N-{1′-[(1-Phenyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 459 (M + H⁺). 54N-(1′-{[1-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl[carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-4- carboxamide. MS 494(M + H⁺). 55 N-(1′-{[1-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl[carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2- carboxamide. MS 494(M + H⁺). 57 N-(1′-{[1-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl[carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2- carboxamide. MS 494(M + H⁺). 60 N-(1′-{[1-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl[carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-4- carboxamide. MS 494(M + H⁺). 61 N-(1′-{[1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 476 (M + H⁺). 62N-(1′-{[1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-1H-indol-5-yl[carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2- carboxamide. MS 490(M + H⁺).

Example 2

A. tert-butyl 3-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)azetidine-1-carboxylate, 2b

To a solution of 1-Boc-3-aminoazetidine 1a (1.0 g, 5.8 mmol) and methyl2-formylbenzoate 2a (0.95 g, 5.8 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (30 mL) andacetic acid (1.5 mL) was added Na(OAc)₃BH (1.29 g, 6.08 mmol) at roomtemperature. The reaction was stirred for 5.5 h. It was quenched withaq. NaHCO₃, and the resulting mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Theorganic solution was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Purification byflash column chromatography (silica gel, 40% EtOAc/heptane) gavecompound 2b (1.46 g).

B.2-[1′-(Biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one,Cpd 92

Compound 92 was prepared from intermediate 2b following the proceduresdescribed in Steps B and C of Example 1. MS 424 (M+H⁺).

Following the procedure described above for Example 2 and substitutingthe appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methodsknown to those skilled in the art, the following compounds of thepresent invention were prepared:

Cpd Name and data 70 2-[1′-({1-[4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}carbonyl)-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1H- isoindol-1-one. ¹HNMR (CHLOROFORM-d, 400 MHz): δ = 8.00 (s, 1 H), 7.80 (m, 3H), 7.40-7.70(m, 8 H), 6.80 (m, 1H), 5.05 (m, 1 H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 4.00-4.40 (m, 4 H),3.70 (m, 2 H), 3.60 (m, 1 H), 3.40 ppm (m, 2 H). MS 531 (M + H⁺). 712-(1′-{[1-(Phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. MS 527 (M + H⁺). 752-{1′-[(6-Bromo-3-chloro-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-2,3-dihydro-1H- isoindol-1-one. MS531 (M + H⁺). 76 2-[1′-({4-[5-(Trifluoromethyl)thiophen-2-yl]phenyl}carbonyl)-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. ¹H NMR (CHLOROFORM-d, 400 MHz): δ = 7.30-7.80 (m, 10H), 5.05(m, 1 H), 4.60 (s, 2 H), 4.00-4.40 (m, 4 H), 3.70 (m, 2 H), 3.60(m, 1 H), 3.45 ppm (m, 2 H). MS 498 (M + H⁺). 772-{1′-[(2-Phenyl-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. ¹H NMR (CHLOROFORM-d,400 MHz): δ = 8.26 (dd, J = 7.4, 1.6 Hz, 2 H), 8.02 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 2H), 7.84 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.77 (m, 1 H), 7.46-7.64 (m, 7 H), 5.09(m, 1 H), 4.62 (s, 2 H), 4.00-4.40 (m, 4 H), 3.69 (m, 2 H), 3.61 (m, 1H), 3.49 ppm (br. s., 2 H). MS 465 (M + H⁺). 782-[1′-({2-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl}carbonyl)-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1H- isoindol-1-one. MS533 (M + H⁺). 83 2-{1′-[(5-Bromonaphthalen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. MS 477 (M + H⁺). 842-{1′-[(2-Phenyl-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. MS 465 (M + H⁺). 852-{1′-[(1-Phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. MS 463 (M + H⁺). 862-[1′-({4-[3- (Trifluoromethyl)benzyl]phenyl}carbonyl)-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. MS 506 (M + H⁺). 882-(1′-{[2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H- isoindol-1-one. MS499 (M + H⁺). 89 2-[1′-({1-[2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}carbonyl)-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1H- isoindol-1-one. MS531 (M + H⁺). 90 2-{1′-[(6-Bromonaphthalen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. MS 477 (M + H⁺). 912-{1′-[(4-Piperidin-1-ylphenyl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. MS 431 (M + H⁺). 942-{1′-[(4-Benzylphenyl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. MS 438 (M + H⁺). 962-{1′-[(4-Bromophenyl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. MS 427 (M + H⁺). 1022-(1′-{[1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. MS 481 (M + H⁺).

Example 3

A. Methyl 5-(bromomethyl)thiazole-4-carboxylate, 3b

To a mixture of 5-methylthiazole-4-carboxylic acid 3a (0.50 g, 3.49mmol) in MeOH (15 mL) at 0° C. was added SOCl₂ (0.51 mL, 6.99 mmol). Thereaction was warmed up to room temperature and then heated to reflux for8 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature andconcentrated. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and washed with aq.NaHCO₃. The organic solution was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Aportion of the resulting mixture (250 mg, 1.59 mmol) was heated toreflux in CCl₄ (15 mL) with NBS (311 mg, 1.75 mmol) and benzoyl peroxide(38.5 mg, 0.159 mmol) for 3 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated andpurification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 30%EtOAc/heptane) gave compound 3b (250 mg).

B. Methyl5-(((1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)azetidin-3-yl)amino)methyl)thiazole-4-carboxylate,3c

A mixture of compound 3b (250 mg, 1.06 mmol), 1-Boc-3-aminoazetidine 1a(310 mg, 1.80 mmol), and K₂CO₃ (248 mg, 1.80 mmol) in THF (12 mL) washeated to reflux for 6 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to roomtemperature and diluted with CH₂Cl₂. The resulting solution was washedwith aq. NaHCO₃, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. Purification byflash column chromatography (silica gel, 3% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) gave compound3c (210 mg).

C. tert-Butyl3-(4-oxo-4H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]thiazol-5(6H)-yl)azetidine-1-carboxylate, 3e

A mixture of compound 3c (320 mg, 0.98 mmol) and LiOH.H₂O (123 mg, 2.93mmol) in THF (8 mL) and H₂O (4 mL) was stirred at room temperature for20 h. The pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 5 with aq. 10% HCl.Concentration gave the crude compound 3d. A mixture of compound 3d (0.98mmol), HOBt (132 mg, 0.98 mmol), Et₃N (0.41 mL, 2.93 mmol), EDCI (318mg, 1.66 mmol), and DMAP (25 mg, 0.21 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) was heated at65° C. for 5 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature anddiluted with CH₂Cl₂. The solution was washed with H₂O, dried over Na₂SO₄and concentrated. Purification by flash column chromatography (silicagel, 3% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) gave compound 3e (185 mg).

D.5-[1′-({1-[4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}carbonyl)-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl]-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,4-d][1,3]thiazol-4-one,Cpd 106

Compound 106 was prepared from intermediate 3e following the proceduresdescribed in Steps B and C of Example 1, except that1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)indole-5-carboxylic acid was used in place of4-phenylbenzoic acid. MS 538 (M+H⁺).

Example 4

A. 6-(Trifluoromethyl)benzo[b]thiophene-2-carbonyl chloride, 4b

To a mixture of 6-(trifluoromethyl)benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid4a (65 mg, 0.26 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL) was added (COCl)₂ (0.026 mL,0.30 mmol), followed by DMF (1 drop) at room temperature. The reactionwas kept at room temperature for 20 h. The resulting solution wasconcentrated to give compound 4b.

B.2-(1′-{[6-(Trifluoromethyl)-1-benzothiophen-2-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one,Cpd 81

To a solution of compound 2d (0.24 mmol) and Et₃N (0.08 mL, 0.58 mmol)in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) at 0° C. was added a solution of compound 4b (0.26mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL). The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 4 h beforeit was quenched with aq. NaHCO₃. The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂,and the organic solution was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated.Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 3% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂)gave compound 81 (57 mg). MS 472 (M+H⁺).

Following the procedure described above for Example 4 and substitutingthe appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methodsknown to those skilled in the art, the following compounds of thepresent invention were prepared:

Cpd Name and data 7 N-(1′-{[6-(Trifluoromethyl)-1-benzothiophen-2-yl[carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2- carboxamide. MS 467(M + H⁺). 8 N-(1′-{[4-(Trifluoromethyl)-1-benzothiophen-2-yl[carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2- carboxamide. MS 467(M + H⁺). 47 N-(1′-{[5-(Trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl[carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2- carboxamide. MS 468(M + H⁺). 49 N-(1′-{[6-(Trifluoromethyl)-1-benzothiophen-2-yl[carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-4- carboxamide. MS 467(M + H⁺). 50 N-(1′-{[3-Chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1-benzothiophen-2-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2- carboxamide. MS 501(M + H⁺). 51 N-(1′-{[3-Chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1-benzothiophen-2-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-4- carboxamide. MS 501(M + H⁺). 56 N-(1′-{[3-Methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1-benzothiophen-2-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2- carboxamide. ¹H NMR(CHLOROFORM-d, 400 MHz): δ = 8.10 (s, 1 H), 7.88 (m, 2 H), 7.64 (d, J =8.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.60 (d, J = 2.8 Hz 1 H), 4.76 (m, 1 H), 4.27 (br. s., 2H), 4.05 (m, 2 H), 3.74 (m, 2 H), 3.54 (m, 1H), 3.21 (m, 2H), 2.66 ppm(s, 3 H). MS 481 (M + H⁺). 65N-{1′-[(6-Bromo-3-methyl-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-2- carboxamide. MS 492(M + H⁺). 67 N-(1′-{[3-Methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1-benzothiophen-2-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-4- carboxamide. ¹H NMR(CHLOROFORM-d, 400 MHz): δ = 8.76 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1 H), 8.18 (d, J = 2.4Hz, 1 H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.80 (d, J = 8.0 Hz,1 H), 7.64 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.76 (m, 1 H), 4.28 (br. s., 2 H), 4.06(br. s., 2 H), 3.75 (m, 2 H), 3.57 (m, 1H), 3.24 (m, 2H), 2.65 ppm (s, 3H). MS 481 (M + H⁺). 73 2-{1′-[(6-Bromo-3-chloro-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-2,3-dihydro-1H- isoindol-1-one. MS516 (M + H⁺). 87 2-{1′-[(6-Bromo-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. MS 483 (M + H⁺). 932-{1′-[(5-Bromo-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. MS 483 (M + H⁺). 992-(1′-{[3-Chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1-benzothiophen-2-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H- isoindol-1-one. ¹HNMR (CHLOROFORM-d, 400 MHz): δ = 8.13 (s, 1 H), 8.00 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.72 (dd, J = 1.2, 8.4 Hz 1 H), 7.46-7.59(m, 3 H), 5.08 (m, 1 H), 4.61 (s, 2 H), 4.31 (m, 2 H), 4.11 (m, 2 H),3.69 (m, 3 H), 3.49 ppm (m, 2 H). MS 506 (M + H⁺). 1002-{1′-[(3-Chloro-6-fluoro-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-2,3-dihydro-1H- isoindol-1-one. MS456 (M + H⁺). 101 2-(1′-{[3-Methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1-benzothiophen-2-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H- isoindol-1-one. ¹HNMR (CHLOROFORM-d, 400 MHz): δ = 8.10 (s, 1 H), 7.89 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.65 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.46- 7.59 (m,3H), 5.08 (m, 1 H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 4.30 (br. s., 2 H), 4.08 (m, 2 H),3.69 (m, 2 H), 3.60 (m, 1H), 3.48 (m, 2H), 2.66 ppm (s, 3 H). MS 481(M + H⁺). MS 486 (M + H⁺). 1035-(1′-{[3-Methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1-benzothiophen-2-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,4-d][1,3]thiazol-4-one. MS 493 (M + H⁺).

Example 5

2-{1′-[(6-Phenylnaphthalen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one,Cpd 69

A mixture of compound 90 (40 mg, 0.08 mmol), phenylboronic acid (21 mg,0.17 mmol), K₂CO₃ (23 mg, 0.17 mmol), and Pd(dppf)Cl₂.CH₂Cl₂ (4 mg,0.005 mmol) in EtOH (0.75 mL) and H₂O (0.15 mL) was heated in amicrowave reactor at 130° C. for 30 min. The mixture was diluted withCH₂Cl₂, washed with H₂O, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated.Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 3% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂)gave compound 69 (34 mg). MS 474 (M+H⁺).

Following the procedure described above for Example 5 and substitutingthe appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methodsknown to those skilled in the art, the following compounds of thepresent invention were prepared:

Cpd Name and data 2 N-(1′-{[3′-(Trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (CHLOROFORM-d,400 MHz): δ = 8.77 (s, 1 H), 8.18 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.84 (s, 1 H),7.57-7.79 (m, 8 H), 4.78 (m, 1 H), 4.33 (m, 1 H), 4.25 (m, 1 H), 4.12(m, 1 H), 4.04 (m, 1 H), 3.75 (m, 2 H), 3.54 (m, 1 H), 3.20 ppm (m, 2H). MS 487 (M + H⁺). 5 N-(1′-{[3′-(Trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}- 1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. ¹H NMR(CHLOROFORM-d, 400 MHz): δ = 7.56-7.87 (m, 10 H), 4.76 (m, 1 H), 4.33(s, 1 H), 4.25 (m, 1 H), 4.12 (m, 1 H), 4.03 (m, 1 H), 3.74 (m, 2 H),3.54 (m, 1 H), 3.22 ppm (br. s., 2 H). MS 487 (M + H⁺). 6N-{1′-[(6-Phenyl-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 475 (M + H⁺). 12N-(1′-{[4′-(Trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 487 (M + H⁺). 14N-(1′-{[4′-(Trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide. MS 487 (M + H⁺). 18N-(1′-{[3′-(Methylsulfonyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 497 (M + H⁺). 21N-{1′-[(6-Phenylnaphthalen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 469 (M + H⁺). 25N-{1′-[(5-Phenylnaphthalen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}benzamide. MS 462 (M + H⁺). 34N-{1′-[(6-Phenylnaphthalen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}benzamide. MS 462 (M + H⁺). 53N-{1′-[(5-Phenylnaphthalen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide. MS 469 (M + H⁺). 58N-(1′-{[3-Methyl-3′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl[carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2- carboxamide. MS 501(M + H⁺). 59 N-(1′-{[3-Fluoro-4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl[carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2- carboxamide. MS 505(M + H⁺). 63 N-(1′-{[3-Methyl-4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl[carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2- carboxamide. MS 501(M + H⁺). 64 N-(1′-{[3-Fluoro-3′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl[carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2- carboxamide. MS 505(M + H⁺). 66 N-{1′-[(3-Methyl-6-phenyl-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-1,3-thiazole-2- carboxamide. MS 489(M + H⁺). 68 2-{1′-[(3-Chloro-6-phenyl-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-2,3-dihydro-1H- isoindol-1-one. MS515 (M + H⁺). 72 2-[1′-((6-[3-(Methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1-benzothiophen-2-yl}carbonyl)-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1H- isoindol-1-one. MS558 (M + H⁺). 74 2-{1′-[(3,6-Diphenyl-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. MS 556 (M + H⁺). 792-{1′-[(5-Phenyl-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. ¹H NMR (CHLOROFORM-d,400 MHz): δ = 8.04 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.84(d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.76 (s, 1 H), 7.36-7.69 (m, 9 H), 5.09 (m, 1 H),4.63 (s, 2 H), 4.58 (m, 1 H), 4.39 (m, 1 H), 4.29 (m, 1 H), 4.09 (m, 1H), 3.70 (m, 2 H), 3.66 (m, 1 H), 3.51 ppm (br. s., 2 H). MS 480 (M +H⁺). 80 2-(1′-{[3′-(Methylsulfonyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. MS 502 (M + H⁺). 822-[1′-((5-[3-(Methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1-benzothiophen-2-yl}carbonyl)-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1H- isoindol-1-one. MS558 (M + H⁺). 95 2-(1′-{[4-(1-benzothiophen-2-yl)phenyl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. MS 480 (M + H⁺). 972-{1′-[(5-Phenylnaphthalen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. MS 474 (M + H⁺). 982-{1′-[(6-Phenyl-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl]-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl}-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. MS 480 (M + H⁺). 1045-(1′-{[3-Methyl-3′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,4-d][1,3]thiazol-4-one. MS 513 (M + H⁺). 1055-(1′-{[3-Methyl-4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl[carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,4-d][1,3]thiazol-4-one. MS 513 (M + H⁺).

Example 6

A. tert-Butyl 3-(benzyl(methyl)amino)azetidine-1-carboxylate, 6b

To a solution of 1-Boc-azetidin-3-one 1d (1.0 g, 5.85 mmol) andN-methyl-benzylamine 6a (1.02 g, 8.43 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (12mL) and acetic acid (1 mL) was added Na(OAc)₃BH (1.30 g, 6.13 mmol). Thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. The reactionwas quenched by the addition of aq. NaHCO₃. The resulting mixture wasextracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic solution was dried over Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel,40% EtOAc/heptane) gave compound 6b (1.40 g).

B. tert-Butyl 3-(benzyl(methyl)amino)-[1,3′-biazetidine]-1′-carboxylate,6d

Intermediate 6d was prepared following the procedure described in Step Bof Example 1.

C.(3-(Benzylmethyl)amino)-[1,3′-biazetidin]-1′-yl)(6-(trifluoromethyl)benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)methanone,6f

Intermediate 6f was prepared following the procedure described inExample 4.

D.N-Methyl-N-(1′-{[6-(trifluoromethyl)-1-benzothiophen-2-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxamide,Cpd 37

A mixture of compound 6f (53 mg, 0.12 mmol), HCO₂H (0.2 mL), and Pd/C(50 mg) in EtOH (4 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 24 h.Additional HCO₂H (0.2 mL) and Pd/C (50 mg) was added. The reaction wasstirred for another 24 h. The mixture was filtered and the solution wasconcentrated. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and washed with 1NNaOH, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to give compound 6g (34 mg). Amixture of compound 6g (34 mg, 0.09 mmol), 2-thiazole-carboxylic acid 6h(24 mg, 0.19 mmol), Et₃N (0.05 mL, 0.36 mmol), and HATU (70 mg, 0.18mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. Thereaction mixture was diluted with ethyl ether and washed with aq. NaHCO₃and aq. NaCl. The organic solution was dried over Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel,3% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) gave compound 37 (11 mg). MS 481 (M+H⁺).

Following the procedure described above for Example 6 and substitutingthe appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methodsknown to those skilled in the art, the following compound of the presentinvention was prepared:

Cpd Name and data 48 N-Methyl-N-(1′-{[6-(trifluoromethyl)-1-benzothiophen-2-yl]carbonyl}-1,3′-biazetidin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide. MS 481 (M + H⁺).Examples 7-28 provide synthetic routes to useful intermediates for thepreparation of compounds of Formula (I).

Example 7

A. Methyl 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-indole-5-carboxylate, 7d

A mixture of methyl indole-5-carboxylate 7a (0.5 g, 2.85 mmol),1-bromo-4-fluoro-benzene 7b (2 mL, 18.21 mmol), CuI (0.544 g, 2.85mmol), and K₂CO₃ (0.591 g, 4.28 mmol) was heated under microwave at 220°C. for 2.5 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ andfiltered. The solution was concentrated and the residue was purified byflash column chromatography (silica gel, 15% EtOAc/heptane) to give 7c(0.58 g).

B. 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-indole-5-carboxylic acid, 7d

A mixture of methyl 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-indole-5-carboxylate 7c (0.58 g,2.15 mmol) and LiOH.H₂O (0.36 g, 8.6 mmol) in THF (15 mL) and H₂O (10mL) was stirred at room temperature for 5 days. Aqueous 10% HCl solutionwas added to the reaction mixture to adjust pH=3˜4. The resultingmixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic solution was washedwith aq. NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to give 7d (0.5 g).

Following the procedure described above for Example 7 and substitutingthe appropriate reagents, starting materials, and purification methodsknown to those skilled in the art, the following intermediate wasprepared:

Example 8

A. Ethyl 1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate, 8c andEthyl 2-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-2H-indazole-5-carboxylate, 8d

A mixture of ethyl 1H-indazole-5-carboxylate 8a (150 mg, 0.79 mmol),1-bromo-3-trifluoromethylbenzene 8b (0.13 mL, 0.95 mmol), CuI (22.5 mg,0.12 mmol), trans-N,N′-dimethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine (0.056 mL, 0.36mmol), and K₃PO₄ (0.37 g, 1.74 mmol) in toluene (1.5 mL) was heated at110° C. for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ andfiltered. The solution was concentrated and the residue was purified byflash column chromatography (silica gel, 10% EtOAc/heptane) to give 8c(190 mg), followed by 8d (37 mg).

B. 1-(3-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid, 8e and2-(3-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-2H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid, 8f

A mixture of 8c and 8d and LiOH in THF (120 mL) and H₂O (60 mL) wasstirred at room temperature for 5 days. Aqueous 10% HCl solution wasadded to the reaction mixture to adjust pH=3˜4. The resulting mixturewas extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic solution was washed with aq.NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to give 8e and 8f.

Example 9

A. Methyl 2-(4-fluoro-benzoylamino)-3-hydroxy-benzoate, 9c

A solution of 1.0 g (4.9 mmol) of methyl 2-amino-3-hydroxybenzoate 9a,1.03 g (7.4 mmol) of 4-fluorobenzoic acid 9b, 10 mL DMF and 2.9 mL (20.6mmol) of TEA were placed into a flask and stirred for 10 min. HATU (7.4mmol, 2.8 g) was added and the reaction was stirred overnight. Thereaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with EtOAc. Theorganics were washed with water and brine and the solvent was evaporatedto give 1.2 g of crude product, methyl2-(4-fluoro-benzoylamino)-3-hydroxy-benzoate, 9c, which was used withoutpurification. MS m/z (M+H⁺) 290.1.

B. Methyl 2-(4-fluorophenyl)benzo[d]oxazole-4-carboxylate, 9d

Methyl 2-(4-fluoro-benzoylamino)-3-hydroxy-benzoate 9c (7.4 mmol, 1.2 gcrude) and 1.3 g (7.5 mmol) of p-toluenesulfonic acid were refluxed in10 mL of xylene overnight. After cooling saturated NaHCO₃ was added andthe resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The organic solvent wasevaporated to give 1.1 g (55%) of methyl2-(4-fluorophenyl)benzo[d]oxazole-4-carboxylate, 9d. MS m/z (M+H⁺)272.0.

C. 2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-benzo[d]oxazole-4-carboxylic acid, 9e

A mixture of 1.1 g (4.0 mmol) methyl2-(4-fluorophenyl)benzo[d]oxazole-4-carboxylate 9d and 3.7 mL of 3Naqueous NaOH in 10 mL of THF was refluxed overnight. After cooling thereaction mixture was poured into water and acidified with conc. HCl. Theresulting solid was filtered and dried to give 830 mg (79%) of2-(4-fluorophenyl)-benzo[d]oxazole-4-carboxylic acid, 9e. MS m/z (M+H⁺)258.1.

Following the procedure described above for Example 9, and substitutingthe appropriate reagents, starting materials, and purification methodsknown to those skilled in the art, the following intermediate compoundswere prepared:

Example 10

A. Methyl 5-phenyl-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylate, 10c

A mixture of compound 10a (542.3 mg, 2 mmol), phenyl boronic acid 10b(268.2 mg, 2.2 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂.CH₂Cl₂ (98 mg, 0.12 mmol), and K₂CO₃(414.6 mg, 3 mmol), in a dioxane (4 mL)/water (1 mL) mixture, was placedin a capped vial and heated at 80° C. overnight. The reaction mixturewas then diluted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer wasconcentrated under reduced pressure and purified by flash columnchromatography (silica gel, 2-10% EtOAc/heptane) to give compound 10c(510 mg). MS m/z (M+H⁺) 269.1.

B. 5-Phenyl-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid, 10d

A solution of compound 10c (510 mg, 1.9 mmol) and LiOH.H₂O (319 mg, 7.6mmol) in THF/H₂O (10/10 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight.The resulting mixture was concentrated and diluted with water. The waterlayer was acidified with 1N aqueous HCl to pH˜4 and extracted withCH₂Cl₂. The organic solution was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated togive 10d (479 mg), which was used in the next reaction without furtherpurification. MS m/z (M+H⁺) 255.0.

C. 3-Fluoro-5-phenyl-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid, 10e

To a solution of compound 10d (507 mg, 1.99 mmol) in THF (8 mL) at −70°C. was added n-BuLi (1.6 M in hexane, 2.62 mL, 4.19 mmol). The mixturewas stirred at −70° C. for 1 h; then a solution ofN-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (817.3 mg, 2.59 mmol) in THF (2 mL) wasslowly added. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to roomtemperature and was stirred overnight. The resulting mixture waspartitioned between dilute aqueous HCl and EtOAc. The organic solutionwas washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated.The residue was triturated with CH₂Cl₂, filtered and the solid dried togive compound 10e (391.9 mg). MS m/z (M+H⁺) 273.0.

D. 3-Fluoro-5-phenyl-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carbonyl chloride, 10f

To a solution of compound 10e (136.2 mg, 0.5 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) atroom temperature was added (COCl)₂ (0.064 mL, 0.75 mmol), followed byDMF (0.01 mL, 0.125 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 18 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated to givecompound 10f (light pink powder).

Example 11

A. 1-tert-Butyl 6-methyl 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indole-1,6-dicarboxylate,11c

A mixture of compound 11a (1.00 g, 2.49 mmol), 4-fluorophenyl boronicacid 11b (523 mg, 3.74 mmol), Pd(OAc)₂ (44.8 mg, 0.2 mmol),2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl (SPhos, 204.7 mg, 0.5mmol), and K₃PO₄ (1.06 g, 4.99 mmol), in toluene (5 mL) was placed in acapped vial and heated at 90° C. under N₂ for 3 h. The reaction mixturewas then diluted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer was washed withbrine, concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified by flash columnchromatography (silica gel, 2-10% EtOAc/heptane) to give compound 11c asa light yellow solid, which was further recrystallized from heptane toobtain white solid (707 mg). MS m/z (M+H⁺) 370.2.

B. Methyl 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indole-6-carboxylate, 11d

To a solution of compound 11c (705 mg, 1.91 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) wasadded trifluoroacetic acid (1.5 mL) at room temperature. The mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 2 h. The resulting mixture wasconcentrated to give compound 11d (603.3 mg) as a white solid. MS m/z(M+H⁺) 270.1.

C. 3-(4-Fluorophenyl)-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid, 11e

A solution of compound 11d (303 mg, 0.79 mmol), and LiOH.H₂O (132.7 mg,3.16 mmol) in THF/H₂O (10 mL/10 mL) was stirred at 45° C. for 5 h. Theresulting mixture was concentrated and diluted with water. The waterlayer was acidified with 1N aqueous HCl to pH˜4 and extracted withCH₂Cl₂. The organic solution was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated togive 11e (249 mg). MS m/z (M+H⁺) 256.0.

Following the procedure described above for Example 11, and substitutingthe appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methodsknown to those skilled in the art, the following intermediate compoundswere prepared:

Example 12

A. Methyl 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-1H-indole-6-carboxylate, 12a

To a solution of compound 11d (300 mg, 0.78 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) wasadded NaH (60% in mineral oil, 68.9 mg, 1.72 mmol) at 0° C. The mixturewas stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, then CH₃I (0.053 mL, 0.86 mmol) wasadded and stirring continued at 0° C. for another 1 h. The resultingmixture was diluted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer was washedwith brine and concentrated. The residue was recrystallized fromheptane, filtered and the solid dried to give compound 12a (265 mg) as alight yellow solid. MS m/z (M+H⁺) 284.1.

B. 3-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-1-methyl-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid, 12b

A solution of compound 12a (264 mg, 0.93 mmol) and LiOH.H₂O (156.4 mg,3.73 mmol) in THF/H₂O (10 mL/10 mL) was stirred at 45° C. for 5 h. Theresulting mixture was concentrated and diluted with water. The waterlayer was acidified with 1N aqueous HCl to pH˜4 and extracted withCH₂Cl₂. The organic solution was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated togive compound 12b (252 mg). MS m/z (M+H⁺) 270.1.

Following the procedure described above for Example 12 and substitutingthe appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methodsknown to those skilled in the art, the following intermediate compoundwas prepared:

Example 13

A. Ethyl 1-Methyl-3-phenyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate, 13b

A mixture of compound 13a (300 mg, 0.91 mmol), phenyl boronic acid 10b(133 mg, 1.09 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂.CH₂Cl₂ (40 mg, 0.055 mmol), and K₂CO₃(251.2 mg, 1.82 mmol), in a toluene (2 mL)/water (0.4 mL) mixture, wasplaced in a capped vial and heated at 90° C. overnight. The reactionmixture was then diluted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer wasconcentrated under reduced pressure and purified by flash columnchromatography (silica gel, 2-10% EtOAc/Heptanes) to give compound 13b(231 mg). MS m/z (M+H⁺) 281.1.

B. 1-Methyl-3-phenyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid, 13c

A solution compound 13b (230 mg, 0.58 mmol), and LiOH.H₂O (98 mg, 2.33mmol) in THF/H₂O (10/10 mL) was stirred at 45° C. for 8 h. The resultingmixture was concentrated and diluted with water. The water layer wasacidified with 1N aqueous HCl to pH˜4 and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Theorganic solution was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to give 13c (206mg). MS m/z (M+H⁺) 253.1.

Following the procedure described above for Example 13 and substitutingthe appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methodsknown to those skilled in the art, the following intermediate compoundswere prepared:

Example 14

A. 3-Methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxylic acid, 14b

To a suspension of compound 14a (0.025 g, 0.115 mmol), compound 10b(0.0139 g, 0.14 mmol), and Cs₂CO₃ (0.094 g, 0.288 mmol) in dioxane (3mL) and EtOH (1 mL) was added Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (0.0084 g, 0.0115 mmol). Thereaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 3 h. After cooling, the solidwas removed by filtration and washed with CH₃OH. The filtrate wasconcentrated. The crude product 14b was purified by reverse phasechromatography. MS m/z (M+H⁺) 213.1.

Following the procedure described above for Example 14 and substitutingthe appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methodsknown to those skilled in the art, the following intermediate compoundswere prepared:

Example 15

A. 3-Fluoro-6-trifluoromethyl-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid, 15b

A solution of 6-trifluoromethyl-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid 15a(2.031 mmol, 0.50 g) in THF (8 mL) at −70° C. was treated with a 1.6 Msolution of n-BuLi in hexanes (4.26 mmol, 2.66 mL). After 1 h at −70°C., N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (2.64 mmol, 0.833 g) in THF (2 mL) wasslowly added and the reaction was warmed to room temperature. After 1 hthe mixture was partitioned between dilute aqueous HCl and EtOAc. Theorganic layer was washed with water and brine, and then concentrated.The residue was triturated with CH₂Cl₂. The off-white precipitate wasfiltered and collected to provide 15b.

B. 3-Fluoro-6-trifluoromethyl-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carbonyl chloride, 15c

To compound 15b (0.14 g, 0.53 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) at room temperaturewas added (COCl)₂ (0.051 mL, 0.58 mmol), followed by 2 drops of DMF. Thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The reactionmixture was then concentrated to give compound 15c.

Example 16

A. 1-tert-Butyl 6-methyl 3-phenyl-1H-indole-1,6-dicarboxylate, 16a

A mixture of 1-tert-butyl 6-methyl 3-iodo-1H-indole-1,6-dicarboxylate11a (5.02 mmol, 2.016 g), phenylboronic acid 10b (7.53 mmol, 0.92 g),Pd(OAc)₂ (0.402 mmol, 90 mg), Sphos 0.904 mmol, (0.37 g), and K₃PO₄(10.1 mmol, 2.13 g) in toluene (10 mL) in sealed reaction vial wasstirred at room temperature for 2 min and then heated at 90° C. under N₂for 4 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with EtOAc and water. Theorganic layer was concentrated and purified by flash columnchromatography (silica gel, 8% EtOAc/hexanes). The desired product wascollected as a light yellow solid that was washed with small amount ofhexanes to obtain 16a as a white solid.

B. Methyl 3-phenyl-1H-indole-6-carboxylate, 16b

To a solution of 1-tert-butyl 6-methyl3-phenyl-1H-indole-1,6-dicarboxylate 16a (4.04 mmol, 1.42 g) in CH₂Cl₂(8 mL) was added 6 mL of TFA. The resulting solution was stirred for 3h. The mixture was then concentrated and washed with hexanes to afford16b.

C. Methyl 1-methyl-3-phenyl-1H-indole-6-carboxylate, 16c

NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 4.52 mmol, 186 mg) was addedportion-wise to a solution of methyl 3-phenyl-1H-indole-6-carboxylate(2.07 mmol, 757 mg) in DMF at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 20min. Methyl iodide (2.28 mmol, 0.14 mL) was added and the reactionmixture was maintained at 0° C. for 1 h. Water was then added and thereaction was extracted with EtOAc. The organics were concentrated andpurified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 15% EtOAc/hexanes)to give 16c.

D. 1-Methyl-3-phenyl-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid, 16d

A mixture of compound 16c (517 mg, 1.95 mmol) and LiOH (187 mg, 7.80mmol) in THF/MeOH/H₂O (4/4/4 mL) was stirred for 4 h. A 15% citric acidsolution (20 mL) was added, and the mixture was then extracted withEtOAc (3×). The combined extracts were washed with brine, dried overNa₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue,compound 16d, was dried under reduced pressure for 18 h.

Following the procedure described above for Example 16 and substitutingthe appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methodsknown to those skilled in the art, the following intermediate compoundswere prepared:

Example 17

A. 1-tert-Butyl 6-methyl3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-indole-1,6-dicarboxylate, 17b

The title compound 17b was prepared using the method described inExample 16, substituting 17a for 10b in Step A.

B. Methyl 3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-indole-6-carboxylate, 17c

The title compound 17c was prepared using the method described inExample 16, substituting 17b for 16a in Step B.

C. 3-(3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid, 17d

The title compound was prepared using the method described in Example16, substituting 17c for 16c in Step D.

Following the procedure described above for Example 17 and substitutingthe appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methodsknown to those skilled in the art, the following intermediate compoundwas prepared:

Example 18

A. 1-(5-Chloro-2-fluoro-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanone, 18c

To a solution of LDA (2.0 M in THF/heptane/ethylbenzene, 25.3 mmol, 12.6mL) in dry THF was slowly added 1-fluoro-4-chloro-benzene 18a (23.0mmol, 2.45 mL) at −78° C. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at −78° C. andethyl trifluoroacetate 18b (25.3 mmol, 3.02 mL) was added. The reactionmixture was allowed to warm to room temperature overnight and wasquenched with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution. The mixture wasextracted with EtOAc. The organic extracts were concentrated andpurified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 15% EtOAc/hexanes)to give a mixture of the compound 18c along with a regio-isomericby-product, 1-(5-fluoro-2-chloro-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanone, in aratio of 5:1 (18c is the major product).

B. Methyl 5-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylate,18e

A solution of compound 18c (6.62 mmol, 1.5 g), methyl 2-mercaptoacetate18d (6.62 mmol, 0.6 mL), and Et₃N (8.6 mmol, 1.2 mL) in acetonitrile (12mL) was heated at 75° C. for 4 h. The reaction was diluted with EtOAcand water. The organic layer was concentrated and purified by flashcolumn chromatography (silica gel, 10% EtOAc/hexanes) to provide thecompound 18e.

C. 5-Chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid, 18f

A mixture of compound 18e (574 mg, 1.95 mmol) and LiOH (187 mg, 7.80mmol) in THF/MeOH/H₂O (4/4/4 mL) was stirred for 4 h. A 15% citric acidsolution (20 mL) was added, and the mixture was then extracted withEtOAc (3×). The combined extracts were washed with brine, dried overNa₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue,compound 18f, was dried under reduced pressure for 18 h and was usedwithout purification.

D. 5-Chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carbonyl chloride, 18g

To compound 18f in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) at room temperature was added (COCl)₂,followed by 2 drops of DMF. The reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 18 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated to givecompound 18g.

Example 19

A. 1-(4-Chloro-2-fluoro-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanone, 19b

To a solution of n-BuLi (1.6 M in hexanes, 4.68 mmol, 2.93 mL) in dryTHF was slowly added 4-chloro-2-fluoro-1-iodo-benzene 19a (3.9 mmol, 1.0g) at −78° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at −78° C. andethyl trifluoroacetate 18b (0.51 mL, 4.29 mmol) was added. The reactionwas allowed to warm to room temperature overnight and was quenched withsaturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc.The organic extracts were concentrated and purified by flash columnchromatography (silica gel, 15% EtOAc/hexanes) to give compound 19b.

B. Methyl 6-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylate,19c

The title compound 19c was prepared using a similar method described inExample 18, substituting 19b for 18c in Step B.

Example 20

A. Methyl 3-fluoro-1H-indole-6-carboxylate, 20b

A solution of methyl 1H-indole-6-carboxylate 20a (11.4 mmol, 2.0 g) andN-fluoro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium triflate (14.8 mmol, 4.3 g) in MeOH(100 mL) was heated at reflux for 18 h. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel,15-20% EtOAc/hexanes) to give compound 20b as an off-white solid.

B. Methyl 3-fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indole-6-carboxylate, 20d

Compound 20b (0.264 mmol, 51 mg), CuI (0.0264 mmol, 5 mg) and K₃PO₄(0.66 mmol, 40 mg) were combined in a sealed reaction tube and the vialwas back-flushed with N₂. 4-fluoro-iodobenzene 20c (0.264 mmol, 0.0394mL) and N,N′-dimethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine (0.0792 mmol, 0.0125 mL)were added via syringe, followed by toluene. The reaction mixture washeated at 95° C. for 6 h. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and water.The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by flash columnchromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexanes) to give compound 20d.

C. 3-Fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid, 20e

The title compound 20e was prepared using the method described inExample 18, Step C.

Example 21

A. 7-Fluoro-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid, 21b

To a solution of 5-bromo-7-fluoroindole 21a (1.71 mmol, 365 mg) in THFat −60° C. was added n-BuLi (1.6 M solution in hexanes, 5.2 mmol, 3.2mL). The solution was kept at −60° C. for 4 h and was then poured ontoan excess of freshly crushed dry ice. Water was added and the mixturewas acidified to pH 4. The organic phase was concentrated and theresidue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 35%EtOAc/hexanes) to give compound 21b.

Example 22

A. Methyl 7-methyl-1H-indole-5-carboxylate, 22c

A mixture of compound 22a (0.613 mmol, 156 mg), methylboronic acid 22b(0.92 mmol, 79 mg), Pd(OAc)₂ (0.09 mmol, 20 mg), SPhos (0.215 mmol, 88mg), and K₃PO₄ (1.23 mmol, 0.26 g) in toluene (2 mL) was heated to 100°C. for 3 h in a sealed reaction vessel. The reaction was diluted withEtOAc and water. The organic layer was concentrated and purified byflash column chromatography (silica gel, 10% EtOAc/hexanes) to givecompound 22c.

B. Methyl 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-7-methyl-1H-indole-5-carboxylate, 22d

The title compound was prepared using the method described in Example20, substituting 22c for 20b in Step B.

C. 1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-7-methyl-1H-indole-5-carboxylate, 22e

The title compound was prepared using the method described in Example18, Step C.

Example 23

A. Methyl 4-amino-2-chloro-benzoate, 23b

Acetyl chloride (35.2 mmol, 2.5 mL) was added dropwise to a stirringsolution of 4-amino-2-chloro-benzoic acid 23a (12.9 mmol, 2.22 g) inmethanol (50 mL). The mixture was heated at reflux for 18 h, cooled, andconcentrated under vacuum. The residue was taken up in EtOAc, washedwith saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and brine, dried, and concentrated undervacuum. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography(silica gel, 30% EtOAc/hexanes) to give compound 23b.

B. Methyl 4-amino-2-chloro-5-iodo-benzoate, 23c

To a suspension of compound 23b (1.18 g, 6.38 mmol) and CaCO₃ (12.8mmol, 1.28 g) in MeOH (13 mL) was added a solution of iodinemonochloride (6.70 mmol, 1.09 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL) dropwise at roomtemperature. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and thenpartitioned between EtOAc and water. The organic layer was concentratedand purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 20-25%EtOAc/hexanes) to provide methy 4-amino-2-chloro-5-iodo-benzoate 23c asthe major the product and methy 4-amino-2-chloro-3-iodo-benzoate 23d asthe minor product.

C. Methyl 4-amino-2-chloro-5-((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)benzoate, 23e

To a mixture of compound 23c (0.642 mmol, 200 mg), CuI (0.064 mmol, 12.2mg) and Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ (0.064 mmol, 45 mg) in THF (2 mL) was addedethynyltrimethylsilane (0.963 mmol, 95 mg) followed by Et₃N (7.19 mmol,1 mL) under N₂. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for1.5 h and then partitioned between EtOAc and water. The organic layerwas concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (silicagel, 15% EtOAc/hexanes) to give compound 23e.

D. Methyl 6-chloro-1H-indole-5-carboxylate, 23f

A mixture of compound 23e (0.532 mmol, 150 mg) and CuI (0.32 mmol, 60mg) in DMF (1.5 mL) was heated at 110° C. for 5 h and then cooled toroom temperature. The reaction was quenched with water and extractedwith EtOAc. The organic layer was concentrated and purified by flashcolumn chromatography (silica gel, 15% EtOAc/hexanes) to give compound23f.

Example 24

A. Methyl 1-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-indole-5-carboxylate, 24c

A mixture of methyl indole-5-carboxylate 24a (2 g, 11.4 mmol),1-iodo-3,4-difluoro-benzene 24b (1.5 mL, 12.5 mmol), CuI (0.22 g, 1.14mmol), trans-N,N′-dimethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine (0.54 mL, 3.43 mmol),and K₃PO₄ (6.06 g, 28.5 mmol) in toluene (12 mL) was heated at 110° C.for 7 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and filtered.The solution was concentrated and the residue was purified by flashcolumn chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/heptane) to give 24c (3.0g).

B. 1-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-indole-5-carboxylic acid, 24d

A mixture of methyl 1-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-indole-5-carboxylate 24c (3.0g, 10.4 mmol) and LiOH (1.0 g, 41.8 mmol) in THF (120 mL) and H₂O (60mL) was stirred at room temperature for 5 days. Aqueous 10% HCl solutionwas added to the reaction mixture to adjust pH=3˜4. The resultingmixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic solution was washedwith aq. NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to give 24d (2.85 g).

Example 25

A. Methyl 2-phenyl-benzoxazole-6-carboxylate, 25c

A mixture of methyl 4-amino-3-hydroxy-benzoate 25a (0.3 g, 1.8 mmol) andbenzoyl chloride 25b (0.23 mL, 2.0 mmol) in dioxane (2.5 mL) was heatedat 210° C. under microwave for 15 min. The reaction mixture was dilutedwith CH₂Cl₂ and washed with aq. NaHCO₃. The organic solution was driedover Na₂SO₄, concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography(silica gel, 20% EtOAc/heptane) to give 25c (0.39 g).

B. 2-Phenyl-benzoxazole-6-carboxylic acid, 25d

A mixture of methyl 2-phenyl-benzoxazole-6-carboxylate 25c (0.37 g, 1.46mmol) and LiOH (0.10 g, 4.2 mmol) in THF (4 mL), MeOH (4 mL), and H₂O (4mL) was stirred at room temperature for 6 h. Aqueous 1N HCl solution wasadded to the mixture to adjust pH to 3˜4. The resulting mixture wasextracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic solution was washed with aq.NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to give 25d (0.34 g).

Example 26

A. Ethyl 2-phenyl-benzothiazole-6-carboxylate, 26b

A mixture of ethyl 2-bromo-benzothiazole-6-carboxylate 26a (300 mg, 1.05mmol), phenylboronic acid 10b (192 mg, 1.57 mmol), K₂CO₃ (188 mg, 1.36mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl₂.CH₂Cl₂ (43 mg, 0.05 mmol) in dioxane (2 mL) andH₂O (0.4 ml) was heated at 120° C. for 25 min under microwave. Thereaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with H₂O, dried overNa₂SO₄, and concentrated. Purification by flash column chromatography(silica gel, 15% EtOAc/heptane) gave 26b (220 mg).

B. 2-Phenyl-benzothiazole-6-carboxylic acid, 26c

Ethyl 2-phenyl-benzothiazole-6-carboxylate 26b (220 mg, 0.78 mmol) wasstirred with LiOH (74 mg, 3.1 mmol) in THF (4 mL) and H₂O (4 mL) for 16h. Aqueous 1N HCl solution was added to the mixture to adjust pH to 3˜4.The resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organicsolution was washed with aq. NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated togive 26c (200 mg).

Example 27

A. Methyl 4-((4-fluorophenyl)amino)-3-nitrobenzoate, 27c

A mixture of methyl 4-fluoro-3-nitrobenzoate 27a (1 g, 5.02 mmol),4-fluoroaniline 27b (4.34 mL, 5.02 mmol), and DIPEA (1.04 mL, 6.03 mmol)in DMF (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Water was addedto the mixture; the resulting solid was filtered, washed with water, anddried. The crude product 27c was used in the next reaction withoutpurification.

B. Methyl 3-amino-4-((4-fluorophenyl)amino)benzoate, 27d

A mixture of 27c (1.4 g, 4.8 mmol) and SnCl₂.2H₂O (4.9 g, 21.7 mmol) inEtOH (50 mL) was stirred at 80° C. After 4 h, the mixture was cooled toroom temperature and was slowly added to saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. Thesolid was filtered and washed with H₂O. The solid was triturated withEtOAc and the filtrate was concentrated. The crude product 27d was usedin the next reaction without purification. MS m/z (M+H⁺) 261.1.

C. Methyl 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate, 27e

A mixture of 27d (0.18 g, 0.693 mmol) and trimethyl orthoformate (0.7mL, 6.39 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was refluxed for 5 h and then cooled toroom temperature. Water was added to the mixture. The resulting solidwas filtered, washed, with water, and dried. The crude product 27e wasused in the next reaction without purification. MS m/z (M+H⁺) 271.1.

D. 1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxylic acid, 27f

To a solution of 27e (0.18 g, 0.666 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL) was added 1Naqueous NaOH (2.5 mL, 2.5 mmol). The mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 4 d. The solvent was evaporated and 1N aqueous HCl wasadded, followed by extraction with EtOAc. The organic layer was driedover MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product 27f was purified bypreparative reverse phase chromatography. MS m/z (M+H⁺) 257.1.

Following the procedure described above for Example 27 and substitutingthe appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methodsknown to those skilled in the art, the following intermediate compoundswere prepared.

Example 28

A. Methyl 2-methyl-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate,28a

The title compound 28a was prepared using the method described inExample 27, substituting trimethyl orthoacetate for trimethylorthoformate in Step C. The crude product 28a was used in the nextreaction without purification. MS m/z (M+H⁺) 285.1.

B. 2-Methyl-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate, 28b

The title compound 28b was prepared using the method described inExample 28, substituting 28a for 27e in Step D. MS m/z (M+H⁺) 271.2.

Following the procedure described above for Example 28 and substitutingthe appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methodsknown to those skilled in the art, the following intermediate compoundswere prepared.

The schemes and examples described herein were used to prepare compoundsof Formula (Ia)

selected from the group consisting of

-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-4-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-5-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    2-phenyl-benzothiazol-6-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    6-phenyl-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    6-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    4-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    4-(5-trifluoromethyl-thien-2-yl)-phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    4-(phenylmethyl)-phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-4-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    4-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    1-phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-4-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    4-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    3-methyl-5-chloro-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    4-(4-trifluoromethylphenylmethyl)-phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    2-phenyl-benzoxazol-6-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    4-(3-methanesulfonylphenyl) phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    5-bromo-naphth-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    4-(3-trifluoromethylphenylmethyl)-phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    6-phenyl-naphth-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-4-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    2-phenyl-benzothiazol-6-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    6-bromo-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is phenyl, R₁ is H, and Z is    5-bromo-naphth-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is phenyl, R₁ is H, and Z is    5-phenyl-naphth-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is phenyl, R₁ is H, and Z is    4-(4-trifluoromethyl phenylmethyl)-phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    1-phenyl-1H-indol-6-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-benzoxazol-6-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    4-phenyl-phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-benzoxazol-6-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is phenyl, R₁ is H, and Z is    4-(phenylmethyl)-phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    4-phenoxy-phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    2-(4-chlorophenyl)-benzoxazol-6-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is phenyl, R₁ is H, and Z is    6-phenyl-naphth-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    2-phenyl-benzoxazol-5-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is phenyl, R₁ is H, and Z is    3-methyl-5-chloro-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is methyl, and Z is    6-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    4-(phenylcarbonyl)-phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is phenyl, R₁ is H, and Z is 4-phenyl-phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    6-bromo-naphth-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is phenyl, R₁ is H, and Z is    2-phenyl-benzoxazol-6-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is phenyl, R₁ is H, and Z is    6-bromo-naphth-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    4-bromophenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is phenyl, R₁ is H, and Z is    5-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is phenyl, R₁ is H, and Z is 4-phenoxy-phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-4-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    2-bromo-benzothiazol-6-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    5-trifluoromethyl-benzothiazol-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-4-yl, R₁ is methyl, and Z is    6-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-4-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    6-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    3-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-4-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    3-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    1-phenyl-1H-indazol-5-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    5-phenyl-naphth-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-4-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    1-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    3-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    1-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    2-methyl-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    2-fluoro-4-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-4-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-1H-indol-5-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    2-methyl-4-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    2-fluoro-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-phenyl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    3-methyl-6-bromo-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-2-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    3-methyl-6-phenyl-benzothiophen-2-yl; and-   a compound wherein Y is thiazol-4-yl, R₁ is H, and Z is    3-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl;    and pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms thereof.

The schemes and examples described herein were used to prepare compoundsof Formula (Ib)

selected from the group consisting of

-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is    3-chloro-6-phenyl-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is 6-phenyl-naphth-2-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is    1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is    1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-5-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is    6-(3-methanesulfonylphenyl)-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is    3-chloro-6-bromo-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is 3,6-diphenyl-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is    1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is    4-(5-trifluoromethyl-thien-2-yl)-phenyl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is 2-phenyl-benzoxazol-5-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is    2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-benzoxazol-6-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is 5-phenyl-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is    4-(3-methanesulfonylphenyl)phenyl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is    6-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is    5-(3-methanesulfonylphenyl)benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is 5-bromo-naphth-2-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is 2-phenyl-benzoxazol-6-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is 1-phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is    4-(3-trifluoromethylphenylmethyl)phenyl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is 6-bromo-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is    2-(4-chlorophenyl)-benzoxazol-6-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is    1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is 6-bromo-naphth-2-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is 4-piperadin-1-yl-phenyl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is 4-phenyl-phenyl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is 5-bromo-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is 4-(phenylmethyl)phenyl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is 4-(benzothiophen-2-yl)phenyl-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is 4-bromophenyl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is 5-phenyl-naphth-2-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is 6-phenyl-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is    3-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is    3-chloro-6-fluoro-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is    3-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl; and-   a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is    1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl;    and pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms thereof.

The schemes and examples described herein were used to prepare compoundsof Formula (Ic)

selected from the group consisting of

-   a compound wherein Z is    3-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl;-   a compound wherein Z is 2-methyl-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)phenyl;-   a compound wherein Z is 2-methyl-4-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)phenyl;    and-   a compound wherein Z is 1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl;    and pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms thereof.

BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES In Vitro Methods Example 1 MGL Enzyme Activity Assay

All rate-based assays were performed in black 384-well polypropylene PCRmicroplates (Abgene) in a total volume of 30 μL. Substrate4-methylumbelliferyl butyrate (4MU-B; Sigma) and either purified mutantMGL (mut-MGLL 11-313 L179S L186S) or purified wild type MGL (wt-MGLL6H-11-313) were diluted separately into 20 mM PIPES buffer (pH=7.0),containing 150 mM NaCl and 0.001% Tween 20. Compounds of Formula (I),including Formulas I(a), I(b), and I(c), were pre-dispensed (50 nL) intothe assay plate using a Cartesian Hummingbird prior to adding 4MU-B (25μL of 1.2× solution to a final concentration of 10 μM) followed byenzyme (5 μL of a 6× solution to a final concentration of 5 nM) toinitiate the reaction. Final compound concentrations ranged from 17 to0.0003 μM. The fluorescence change due to 4MU-B cleavage was monitoredwith excitation and emission wavelengths of 335 and 440 nm,respectively, and a bandwidth of 10 nm (Safire², Tecan) at 37° C. for 5min.

The IC₅₀ values for the following compounds were determined usingMicrosoft Office Excel from a fit of the equation to theconcentration-response plot of the fractional activity as a function ofinhibitor concentration.

BIOLOGICAL DATA TABLE 1 MGL mutant MGL wild type Cpd inh IC₅₀ (μM) inhIC₅₀ (μM) 1 0.005 <0.005 2 0.006 0.008 3 0.006 4 0.007 0.013 5 0.0070.015 6 0.008 7 0.010 <0.005 8 0.012 9 0.013 0.506 10 0.015 0.070 110.015 12 0.018 <0.005 13 0.019 <0.005 14 0.027 0.009 15 0.028 16 0.032<0.005 17 0.048 0.037 18 0.059 19 0.063 20 0.065 21 0.069 22 0.086 230.093 24 0.099 25 0.154 26 0.157 27 0.167 28 0.180 29 0.184 30 0.264 310.270 32 0.287 33 0.303 34 0.332 35 0.341 36 0.458 37 0.476 38 0.588 390.604 40 0.882 41 0.939 42 0.997 43 1.684 44 1.831 45 2.775 46 3.754 474.750 48 8.125 12.888 49 <0.005 0.014 50 <0.005 <0.005 51 <0.005 <0.00552 <0.005 <0.005 53 <0.005 54 0.005 55 0.005 56 0.006 57 0.007 58 0.00859 0.010 60 0.011 61 0.012 62 0.015 63 0.029 64 <0.005 65 <0.005 66<0.005 67 <0.005 68 0.006 <0.005 69 0.008 <0.005 70 0.008 <0.005 710.008 72 0.009 <0.005 73 0.012 <0.005 74 0.012 <0.005 75 0.015 76 0.015<0.005 77 0.016 0.031 78 0.017 79 0.018 0.010 80 0.019 81 0.019 82 0.0220.016 83 0.023 84 0.031 85 0.036 86 0.050 87 0.050 88 0.096 89 0.098 900.154 91 0.236 92 0.242 93 0.360 94 0.412 95 0.750 96 4.674 97 <0.005<0.005 98 <0.005 <0.005 99 <0.005 <0.005 100 <0.005 101 0.006 102 0.011103 0.021 104 0.066 105 0.887 106 <0.005

Example 2 2-AG Accumulation Assay

To measure the accumulation of 2-AG due to inhibition of MGL, one g ratbrain was homogenized using a Polytron homogenizer (Brinkmann, PT300) in10 mL of 20 mM HEPES buffer (pH=7.4), containing 125 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA,5 mM KCl and 20 mM glucose. Compounds of Formula (I) (10 μM) werepre-incubated with rat brain homogenate (50 mg). After a 15-minincubation time at 37° C., CaCl₂ (final concentration=10 mM) was addedand then incubated for 15 min at 37° C. in a total volume of 5 mL. Thereactions were stopped with 6 mL organic solvent extraction solution of2:1 chloroform/methanol. Accumulated 2-AG in the organic phase wasmeasured by a HPLC/MS method, according to the following equation:percent vehicle=(2-AG accumulation in the presence of compound/2-AGaccumulation in vehicle)×100.

BIOLOGICAL DATA TABLE 2 Rat Brain Rat Brain Rat Brain Rat Brain 2AG %2AG % 2AG % 2AG % Cpd VehCntrl VehCntrl VehCntrl VehCntrl No (%) @0.01mM (%) @0.1 mM (%) @1 mM (%) @10 mM 1 168 370 639 2 620 3 271 4 148 5147 347 921 7 243 8 127 9 193 160 10 659 11 220 12 215 557 13 441 14 18715 611 16 123 17 282 355 486 18 218 19 418 20 977 21 581 23 343 24 73 49167 50 460 51 477 52 291 53 722 54 315 55 353 56 413 57 424 58 157 59265 60 273 61 338 62 334 63 185 64 253 65 324 66 399 67 434 68 433 69600 70 104 165 483 736 71 400 72 781 73 295 74 323 75 1160 76 112 204725 77 478 78 1140 79 144 253 676 80 166 81 192 409 82 490 83 416 84 152435 85 693 86 447 87 250 88 294 89 663 97 518 98 613 99 449 100 208 101534 102 332 103 360 106 414

Example 3 MGL ThermoFluor° Assay Mutant

The ThermoFluor (TF) assay is a 384-well plate-based binding assay thatmeasures thermal stability of proteins^(1,2). The experiments werecarried out using instruments available from Johnson & JohnsonPharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC. TF dye used in allexperiments was 1,8-ANS (Invitrogen: A-47). Final TF assay conditionsused for MGL studies were 0.07 mg/ml of mutant MGL, 100 μM ANS, 200 mMNaCl, 0.001% Tween-20 in 50 mM PIPES (pH=7.0).

Screening compound plates contained 100% DMSO compound solutions at asingle concentration. For follow-up concentration-response studies,compounds were arranged in a pre-dispensed plate (Greiner Bio-one:781280), wherein compounds were serially diluted in 100% DMSO across 11columns within a series. Columns 12 and 24 were used as DMSO referenceand contained no compound. For both single and multiple compoundconcentration-response experiments, the compound aliquots (46 nL) wererobotically predispensed directly into 384-well black assay plates(Abgene: TF-0384/k) using the Hummingbird liquid handler. Followingcompound dispension, protein and dye solutions were added to achieve thefinal assay volume of 3 μL. The assay solutions were overlayed with 1 μLof silicone oil (Fluka, type DC 200: 85411) to prevent evaporation.

Bar-coded assay plates were robotically loaded onto a thermostaticallycontrolled PCR-type thermal block and then heated from 40 to 90° C.degrees at a ramp-rate of 1° C./min for all experiments. Fluorescencewas measured by continuous illumination with UV light (Hamamatsu LC6),supplied via fiber optics and filtered through a band-pass filter(380-400 nm; >60D cutoff). Fluorescence emission of the entire 384-wellplate was detected by measuring light intensity using a CCD camera(Sensys, Roper Scientific) filtered to detect 500±25 nm, resulting insimultaneous and independent readings of all 384 wells. A single imagewith 20-sec exposure time was collected at each temperature, and the sumof the pixel intensity in a given area of the assay plate was recordedvs temperature and fit to standard equations to yield the T_(m) ¹.

-   1. Pantoliano, M. W., Petrella, E. C., Kwasnoski, J. D., Lobanov, V.    S., Myslik, J., Graf, E., Carver, T., Asel, E., Springer, B. A.,    Lane, P., and Salemme, F. R. (2001) J Biomol Screen 6, 429-40.-   2. Matulis, D., Kranz, J. K., Salemme, F. R., and Todd, M. J. (2005)    Biochemistry 44, 5258-66.

The K_(d) values for certain compounds of Formula (I) were determinedfrom a fit of the equation to the concentration-response plot of thefractional activity as a function of L_(m). For some experiments,quantitative NMR spectroscopy (qNMR) was used to measure concentrationof the initial 100% DMSO compound solutions and, using the same fittingmethod, qK_(d) values were determined.

BIOLOGICAL DATA TABLE 3 MGL mutant Cpd ThermoFluor No. K_(d) (μM) 10.006 2 0.022 3 0.0333 4 0.143 5 0.0112 7 0.010 8 0.128 9 0.014 11 0.04412 0.051 13 0.050 14 0.086 17 0.333 18 0.215 27 0.446 31 0.154 39 0.22243 3.33 45 0.833 46 3.40 47 2.50 48 >31 49 0.0319 50 0.0007 51 0.0022052 0.0734 56 0.00215 58 0.0666 61 0.0333 64 0.020 67 0.0107 68 0.0033 700.0035 71 0.050 72 0.0332 73 0.0313 74 0.0013 75 0.007 76 0.010 77 0.178 0.040 79 0.0333 80 0.192 81 0.016 82 0.105 84 0.060 85 0.0250 870.040 92 0.1 93 0.0769 94 0.091 99 0.0027 100 0.047 101 0.004 102 0.016103 0.033 104 0.215 105 3.64

In Vivo Methods Example 4 CFA-Induced Paw Radiant Heat Hypersensitivity

Each rat was placed in a test chamber on a warm glass surface andallowed to acclimate for approximately 10 min. A radiant thermalstimulus (beam of light) was focused through the glass onto the plantarsurface of each hind paw in turn. The thermal stimulus was automaticallyshut off by a photoelectric relay when the paw was moved or when thecut-off time was reached (20 sec for radiant heat at ˜5 amps). Aninitial (baseline) response latency to the thermal stimulus was recordedfor each animal prior to the injection of complete Freund's adjuvant(CFA). Twenty-four hours following intraplantar CFA injection, theresponse latency of the animal to the thermal stimulus was re-evaluatedand compared to the animal's baseline response time. Only rats thatexhibited at least a 25% reduction in response latency (i.e., arehyperalgesic) were included in further analysis. Immediately followingthe post-CFA latency assessment, the indicated test compound or vehiclewas administered orally. Post-compound treatment withdrawal latencieswere assessed at fixed time intervals, typically 30, 60, 120, 180, and300 min.

The percent reversal (% R) of hypersensitivity was calculated in one oftwo different ways: 1) using group mean values or 2) using individualanimal values. More specifically:

Method 1.

For all compounds, the % R of hypersensitivity was calculated using themean value for groups of animals at each time point according to thefollowing formula:% reversal=[(group treatment response−group CFA response)/(groupbaseline response−group CFA response)]×100Results were given for the maximum % reversal observed for each compoundat any time point tested.

Method 2.

For some compounds, the % R of hypersensitivity was calculatedseparately for each animal according to the following formula:% reversal=[(individual treatment response−individual CFAresponse)/(individual baseline response−individual CFA response)]×100.

Results are given as a mean of the maximum % reversal values calculatedfor each individual animal.

BIOLOGICAL DATA TABLE 4 dose last time Method 1: Method 2: Cpd (mg/kg,no. of point peak % peak % No. p.o.) vehicle animals (min) reversalreversal 1 10 HPβCD 8 300 −18.6 −19.0 1 30 HPβCD 8 300 10.3 7.4 2 30HPβCD 8 300 47.9 5 30 HPβCD 9 300 57.4 55.8 17 30 HPβCD 8 180 27 31.5 5630 HPβCD 8 300 −1.3 67 30 HPβCD 8 300 35.7 70 10 HPβCD 8 300 28.2 22.570 30 HPβCD 8 300 4.7 5 76 10 HPβCD 8 300 15.7 26.7 76 30 HPβCD 8 30017.1 17.7 77 30 HPβCD 8 180 9.9 6.9 79 30 HPβCD 8 300 33.7 99 30 HPβCD 8300 27.6 101 30 HPβCD 8 300 6.1

While the foregoing specification teaches the principles of the presentinvention, with examples provided for the purpose of illustration, itwill be understood that the practice of the invention encompasses all ofthe usual variations, adaptations and/or modifications as come withinthe scope of the following claims and their equivalents.

We claim:
 1. A compound of Formula (I)

wherein Q is selected from

wherein Y is C₆₋₁₀ aryl or a heteroaryl that is thiazolyl, pyrrolyl, oroxazolyl; R¹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 3;Z is C₆₋₁₀aryl or a heteroaryl selected from the group consisting ofquinolinyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl,benzimidazolyl, indolyl, and indazolyl; wherein Z is (i) optionallyindependently substituted with one to three substituents selected fromthe group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo,trifluoromethyl, and piperidin-1-yl; provided that no more than onesubstituent on Z is piperidin-1-yl or (ii) (a) substituted with

 and (b) optionally further substituted with one additional methyl,chloro, fluoro, or phenyl substituent; wherein ring A is phenyl,thienyl, or benzothiophenyl; provided that when ring A is thienyl orbenzothiophenyl, G is a bond or —CH₂— or when A is phenyl, G is selectedfrom the group consisting of a bond, O, —CH₂—, SO₂, and C(O); and R² istrifluoromethyl, fluoro, chloro, or methanesulfonyl; r is an integerfrom 0 to 3; and enantiomers, diastereomers, and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein Q isselected from

wherein Y is phenyl or thiazolyl; R¹ is hydrogen or methyl; and m is 1.3. The compound of claim 2 wherein R¹ is hydrogen.
 4. The compound ofclaim 1 wherein Z is C₆₋₁₀aryl or a heteroaryl selected from the groupconsisting of benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl,and indazolyl; wherein Z is (i) independently substituted with one totwo substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl,fluoro, chloro, bromo, trifluoromethyl, and piperidin-1-yl; providedthat no more than one substituent on Z is piperidin-1-yl or (ii) (a)substituted with

and (b) optionally further substituted with one additional methyl,chloro, fluoro, or phenyl substituent; wherein ring A is phenyl,thienyl, or benzothiophenyl; provided that when ring A is thienyl orbenzothiophenyl, G is a bond or —CH₂— or when ring A is phenyl G is abond, O, —CH₂—, SO₂, or C(O); and R² is trifluoromethyl, fluoro, chloro,or methanesulfonyl; and r is an integer from 0 to
 3. 5. The compound ofclaim 4 wherein Z is C₆₋₁₀aryl or a heteroaryl selected from the groupconsisting of benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl,and indazolyl; wherein Z is (i) optionally independently substitutedwith one to two substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄alkyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, and trifluoromethyl or (ii) (a)substituted with

 and (b) optionally further substituted with one additional methyl,chloro, fluoro, or phenyl substituent; wherein ring A is phenyl orthienyl; provided that when ring A is phenyl, G is a bond, —CH₂—, or SO₂or when ring A is thienyl, G is a bond or —CH₂—; and R² istrifluoromethyl, fluoro, chloro, or methanesulfonyl; and r is an integerfrom 0 to
 2. 6. A compound of Formula (I)

wherein: Q is selected from

wherein Y is phenyl or thiazolyl; R¹ is hydrogen or methyl; and m is 1;Z is C₆₋₁₀aryl or a heteroaryl selected from the group consisting ofbenzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, and indazolyl;wherein Z is (i) independently substituted with one to two substituentsselected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo,trifluoromethyl, and piperidin-1-yl; provided that no more than onesubstituent on Z is piperidin-1-yl or (ii) (a) substituted with

 and (b) optionally further substituted with one additional methyl,chloro, fluoro, or phenyl substituent; wherein ring A is phenyl,thienyl, or benzothiophenyl; provided that when ring A is thienyl orbenzothiophenyl, G is a bond or —CH₂— or when ring A is phenyl, G is abond, 0, —CH₂—, SO₂, or C(O); and R² is trifluoromethyl, fluoro, chloro,or methanesulfonyl; and r is an integer from 0 to 3; and enantiomers,diastereomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 7. Acompound of Formula (I)

wherein: Q is selected from

wherein Y is phenyl or thiazolyl; R¹ is hydrogen; and m is 1; Z isC₆₋₁₀aryl or a heteroaryl selected from the group consisting ofbenzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, and indazolyl;wherein Z is (i) independently substituted with one to two substituentsselected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo,and trifluoromethyl or (ii) (a) substituted with

 and (b) optionally further substituted with one additional methyl,chloro, fluoro, or phenyl substituent; wherein ring A is phenyl orthienyl; provided that when ring A is thienyl, G is a bond or —CH₂— orwhen ring A is phenyl G is a bond, —CH₂—, or SO₂; R² is trifluoromethyl,fluoro, chloro, or methanesulfonyl; and r is an integer from 0 to 2; andenantiomers, diastereomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof.
 8. A compound of Formula (Ib)

selected from the group consisting of a compound wherein m is 1, and Zis 3-chloro-6-phenyl-benzothiophen-2-yl; a compound wherein m is 1, andZ is 6-phenyl-naphth-2-yl; a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl; a compound wherein m is 1,and Z is 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-5-yl; a compound wherein m is 1,and Z is 6-(3-methanesulfonylphenyl)-benzothiophen-2-yl; a compoundwherein m is 1, and Z is 3-chloro-6-bromo-benzothiophen-2-yl; a compoundwherein m is 1, and Z is 3,6-diphenyl-benzothiophen-2-yl; a compoundwherein m is 1, and Z is 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl; acompound wherein m is 1, and Z is4-(5-trifluoromethyl-thien-2-yl)-phenyl; a compound wherein m is 1, andZ is 2-phenyl-benzoxazol-5-yl; a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-benzoxazol-6-yl; a compound wherein m is 1,and Z is 5-phenyl-benzothiophen-2-yl; a compound wherein m is 1, and Zis 4-(3-methanesulfonylphenyl)phenyl; a compound wherein m is 1, and Zis 6-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl; a compound wherein m is 1, andZ is 5-(3-methanesulfonylphenyl)benzothiophen-2-yl; a compound wherein mis 1, and Z is 5-bromo-naphth-2-yl; a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is2-phenyl-benzoxazol-6-yl; a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is1-phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl; a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is4-(3-trifluoromethylphenylmethyl)phenyl; a compound wherein m is 1, andZ is 6-bromo-benzothiophen-2-yl; a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is2-(4-chlorophenyl)-benzoxazol-6-yl; a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl; a compound wherein m is 1,and Z is 6-bromo-naphth-2-yl; a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is4-piperadin-1-yl-phenyl; a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is4-phenyl-phenyl; a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is5-bromo-benzothiophen-2-yl; a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is4-(phenylmethyl)phenyl; a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is4-(benzothiophen-2-yl)phenyl a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is4-bromophenyl; a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is 5-phenyl-naphth-2-yl;a compound wherein m is 1, and Z is 6-phenyl-benzothiophen-2-yl; acompound wherein m is 1, and Z is3-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl; a compound wherein m is1, and Z is 3-chloro-6-fluoro-benzothiophen-2-yl; a compound wherein mis 1, and Z is 3-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl; and acompound wherein m is 1, and Z is 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl; andpharmaceutically acceptable salt forms thereof.
 9. A compound of Formula(Ic)

selected from the group consisting of a compound wherein Z is3-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-benzothiophen-2-yl; a compound wherein Z is2-methyl-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)phenyl; a compound wherein Z is2-methyl-4-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)phenyl; and a compound wherein Z is1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt forms thereof.
 10. A pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound of claim 1 and at least one of a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and apharmaceutically acceptable diluent.
 11. A pharmaceutical composition ofclaim 10, wherein the composition is a solid oral dosage form.
 12. Apharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein the composition is asyrup, an elixir, or a suspension.